2013屆高考英語語法超級歸納

荷花小女子 2012-10-30

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2013屆高考英語語法超級歸納

素材來源/網絡編輯制作/荷花小女子

一、冠詞

冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。

I. 不定冠詞的用法

1	指一類人或事，相當于a kind of	A plane is a machine that can fly.
2	第一次提及某人某物，非特指	A boy is waiting for you.有個男孩在等你。
3	表示“每一”相當于every，one	We study eight hours a day.
4	表示“相同”相當于the same	We are nearly of an age.
5	用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事	— Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷鋒）
6	用于固定詞組中	a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7	用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后	This room is rather a big one.
8	用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后	She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9	用于抽象名詞具體化的名詞前	success(抽象名詞)→a success(具體化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失敗的人或事 a shame 帶來恥辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遺憾的事 a must 必需必備的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知識

II. 定冠詞的用法

1	表示某一類人或物	In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the
2	用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前	the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3	表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事	Would you mind opening the door?
4	用于演奏樂器	play the violin, play the guitar
5	用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人	the reach, the living, the wounded
6	表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對比上文的不定冠詞用法5）	—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /
7	用于序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前	He is the taller of the two children.
8	用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前	the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9	用于表示發明物的單數名詞前	The compass was invented in China.
10	在逢十的復數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代	in the 1990’s(二十世紀九十年代)
11	用于表示度量單位的名詞前	I hired the car by the hour.
12	用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞	He patted me on the shoulder.

III. 不用冠詞（又名零冠詞）的用法

1	專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前	Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2	名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制	I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?
3	季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前	March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4	表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前	Lincoln was made President of America.
5	表示球類，棋類等運動的名詞前	He likes playing football/chess.
6	與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前	We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填
7	以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時	husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8	表示泛指的復數名詞前	Horses are useful animals.

二、名詞和主謂一致

I. 名詞的種類

專有名詞	普通名詞
國名地名人名，團體機構名稱	可數名詞		不可數名詞
國名地名人名，團體機構名稱	個體名詞	集體名詞	抽象名詞	物質名詞

特別注意名詞類別的相互轉換

個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉換

例句	意義	名詞性質
①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower	花兒	個體名詞
	開花	抽象名詞
①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty	青春	抽象名詞
①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty	年輕人	個體名詞
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success.	成功	抽象名詞
	成功的事	個體名詞

物質名詞與個體名詞的相互轉換

例句	意義	名詞性質
①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron.	鐵	物質名詞
①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron.	熨斗	個體名詞
①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass.	玻璃	物質名詞
①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass.	玻璃杯	個體名詞
①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken	小雞	個體名詞
	雞肉	物質名詞

抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉換

具有動作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連

用，表示某一次短暫的動作

①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.

—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful

A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a

②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息（抽象名詞）

A.a B.an C./ D.the

③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 話（個體名詞）

A.a B.an C./ D.the

類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look

take a walk/a bath make an advance(進步)/make an early start(早點出發)

/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try

表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞時可以用來表示

其中的一部分

①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.

A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the

a knowledge of truth(知道實際情況)

give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關于中國更為翔實的知識)

have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識)

②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.

A.the happiest time B.a more happier time

C.much happiest time D.a much happier time

③ is money.

A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times

抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現象或結

果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾

①Oh, John. _____you gave me!

A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise

C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise

②She looked up when I shouted.

A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise

其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise

③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.

A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual

II. 名詞的數

規則名詞的復數形式：名詞的復數形式，一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關語法書）。英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，請看下表

規則			例詞
1	改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式		man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2	單復數相同		sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
3	只有復數形式		ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4	一些集體名詞總是用作復數		people, police, cattle, staff
5	部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）		audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6	復數形式表示特別含義		customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7	表示“某國人”	加-s	Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
		單復數同形	Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
		以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women	Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8	合成名詞	將主體名詞變為復數	sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
		無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數	grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
		將兩部分變為復數	women singers, men servants

III. 主謂一致

規則

情況

舉例

語

法

一

致

原

則

以單數名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式；主語為復數時，謂語動詞

用復數形式。

His father is working on the farm.

To study English well is not easy.

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

What he said is very important for us all.

由what引導的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式，但若表語是復數或what從句是一個帶有復數意義的并列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用復數形式。

what I bought were three English books.

What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.

由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的主語后面，要用復數形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物

時，它后面的謂語就用單數形式。由and 連接的并列單數主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+單數名詞和由some, any no, every構成的復合不定代詞，都作單數看待。.

Lucy and Lily are twins

The writer and artist has come.

Every student and every teach is in the classroom.

Many a boy and many a girl likes it.

No boy and no girl likes it.

Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?

Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter

若none of 后面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數。若它后面的名詞是復數，它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。

None of the sugar was left.

None of us has (have) been to America.

在定語從句里，關系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。

Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.

He is one of my friends who are working hard.

He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.

在強調句型中應與被強調部分一致

It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.

It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.

如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數形式；如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用復數形式

The police are looking for the lost child.

The cattle are eating grass in the field.

His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)

His family are watching TV.（他的家人）

Class four is on the third floor.（四班）

Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學生）

由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構成的短語以及由分數或百分數+名詞構成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中后面名詞的數而定。

There are a lot of people in the classroom.

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

50 percent of the students in our class are girls.

此外，還有a number of +復數名詞有類似的用法（用復數），但the number of +復數名詞的數就得依number 而定（用單數）。

A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.

The number of pages in this book is three hundred.

在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數應與其后的主語一致

There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.

Such is the result. Such are the facts.

Between the two hills stands a monument.

邏

輯

意

義

一

致

原

則

What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數，也可是復數，主要靠意思來決定。

Which is your bag? Which are your bags?

Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?

All can be done has been done. All is going well.

All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.

表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的復數作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。

Thirty minutes is enough for the work..

Twenty pounds is too dear.

如強調這類詞的復數意義，則謂語動詞要用復數形式

Forty kilos of water are used every day.

若英語是書名名格言劇名報名國名等的復數形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數形式。

The United States is smaller than China.

“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.

表數量的短語“one and a half”后面接復數名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。

One and a half apples is left on the table.

一些學科名詞是以-ics結尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都屬于形式上是復數的名詞，實際意義為單數名詞，

它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。

The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。

I don’t think physics is easy to study.

trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用復數，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動詞用單數。

My glasses are broken.

The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動詞用復數；若表示某一類東西時，動詞用單數。

The old are taken good care of there.

The beautiful gives pleasure to all.

就

近

/遠

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原

則

當兩個主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。

Either the teacher or the students are our friends.

Neither he nor they are wholly right.

Neither they nor he is wholly right.

Is neither he nor they wholly right?

there be 句型中be 動詞的單復數取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and 連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致，即就近一致。

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

There is a desk and two chairs in the room.

主語后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語，謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠一致。

Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.

A woman with a baby was on the bus.

Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.

She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.

No one except my teachers knows anything about it.

三、代詞

I. 代詞可以分為以下八大類

1	人稱代詞	主格	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
		賓格	me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
		形容詞性物主代詞	my, your, his, her, its, our, their
		名詞性物主代詞	mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
2	反身代詞		myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
3	指示代詞		this, that, these, those, such, some
4	疑問代詞		who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
5	關系代詞/連接代詞		that, which, who, whom, whose, as
6	不定代詞		one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little
			other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
7	相互代詞		each other,one another

II. 不定代詞用法注意點

類別	區別	例句
one, some， any和it	one可以泛指人或者事（東西），其復數為ones	①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those
	some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等	—Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle
	some 和any修飾可數名詞單數時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個	①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either
	one指同類中的一個，it指代同一種類的東西。此外it還可以作形式主語、形式賓語和用于強調句型中。	—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it
	some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句	①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much
each和every	each強調個別，代表的數可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調整體，所指的數必須是三個或三個以上	①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
none和no	no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數名詞，謂語用單數，代替可數名詞，謂語單復數皆可以	①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle? None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
other和another	other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, someother reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個，復數為the others	①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. A. another B. the other C. neither D. each ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
other和another	another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復數形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”	①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． A．the other B．some C．another D．other ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. ③Some like football, while others like basketball.
either和neither	前者意思為：兩者都（兩者中任何一方都）；后者意思為：兩者都	①—Do you want tea or coffee? — ______, I really don't mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all ②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each

四、形容詞和副詞

I. 形容詞

1.形容詞的位置：形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況下后置

1	修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的復合不定代詞時	nobody absent, everything possible
2	以-able, -ible結尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后	the best book available, the only solution possible
3	alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定語時后置	the only person awake
4	和空間、時間、單位連用時	a bridge 50 meters long
5	成對的形容詞可以后置	a huge room simple and beautiful
6	形容詞短語一般后置	a man difficult to get on with
7	enough修飾名詞時可以前置也可以后置，但修飾形容詞或副詞時要后置	______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.(NMET2000) A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave students C.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave

注意：多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序

熟記口訣就可以順利解題：限定描繪大長高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國籍跟材料，作用類別往后靠。

規則：限定語（The、A）+ 描繪性形容詞 + size（小）+ shape（形狀）+ age（年齡、時間）+ color（顏色）+ origin（國籍、來源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名詞。

▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05北京卷)

A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish

2.復合形容詞的構成

1	形容詞+名詞+ed	kind-hearted	6	名詞+形容詞	world-famous
2	形容詞+形容詞	dark-blue	7	名詞+現在分詞	peace-loving
3	形容詞+現在分詞	ordinary-looking	8	名詞+過去分詞	snow-covered
4	副詞+現在分詞	hard-working	9	數詞+名詞+ed	three-egged
5	副詞+過去分詞	newly-built	10	數詞+名詞	twenty-year

3.形容詞（短語）作伴隨狀語

As he looked at the goat, it rolled over, dead. 當他看著山羊的時候，山羊翻了個身，死了。

Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.由于害怕困難，他們寧愿走好走的路。

II.副詞的分類：

1	時間副詞	soon, now, early, finally, once, recently	5	頻度副詞	always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2	地點副詞	here, nearby, outside, upwards, above	6	疑問副詞	how, where, when, why
3	方式副詞	hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really	7	連接副詞	how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4	程度副詞	almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather	8	關系副詞	when, where, why

III. 形容詞和副詞的比較等級

形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節和一些雙音節詞前加more 和most。

項目	例句
同級比較時常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…	She is as tall as her mother. I am not as/ so good a player as you are.
雙方比較，表示一方超過另一方時，用“比較級（+ than）” 的結構表示。要注意題干中將比較的另一方陰藏起來的情況。	This picture is more beautiful than that one. I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one).
表示一方不及另一方時，用“less + 原級 + than”的結構表示	This room is less beautiful than that one.
表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the more…the more…”句型	The harder you work, the more progress you will make
用比較級來表達最高級的意思	I have never spent a more worrying day. 我從來沒有度過這樣令人煩惱的一天。（意為：我度過了最為令人煩惱的一天。）
倍數的表達	表達法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one. 這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大（高）/這座新樓比那座舊樓大（高）三倍。表達法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亞洲是歐洲的四倍大/亞洲比歐洲大三倍。表達法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours. 你們的學校比我們的學校大三倍。用times 表倍數通常用于三倍以上，兩倍可以用twice或double.

注意：1. 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；

2. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior等。

五、動詞和短語動詞

知識網絡
動詞的分類	行為動詞（實義動詞） ①及物動詞（帶賓語）：study, develop; ②不及物動詞（不帶賓語）work, swim, go, come ③狀態動詞（相對靜止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong ④動作動詞：延續性（work, stay）；非延續性（marry, go, come）
	連系動詞（漢語中沒有這種詞類）
	助動詞（與動詞原形或分詞構成復合謂語） be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall
	情態動詞 can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)
短語動詞常見的構成方式及其注意點	動詞+副詞所構成的短語動詞分及物的和不及物的兩類 Please turn every light in the house off. 請把房子里的每一盞燈都關掉。（及物） Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚會后，人們都已離去，哈里出現了。（不及物）注意： ①如果賓語較長，就應避免把副詞同動詞分開 She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她關掉了所有還在亮著的燈。 ②如果賓語是人稱代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間 She gave them away.她送掉了它們。 ③同一動詞和不同副詞搭配時，意義上有很大的差異 ring back回電話 ring off掛斷電話 ring up打電話 put away放好 put on穿，上演 put up掛起，舉起。 ④不同動詞和同一副詞搭配時，在意義上有很大的差異 break out發生，爆炸 carry out進行，開展 go out熄滅 hand out分發 let out放出 look out當心 sell out賣完 set out出發, take out取出 work out算出
	動詞+介詞(及物) I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼鏡。注意：①當它跟賓語時，不能把介詞放在賓語后面。 ②同一動詞和不同介詞搭配時，意義上有很大的差異。 look after照料，look at看，look for尋找
	動詞+副詞+介詞 I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就見到你。注：“動詞+介詞”、“動詞+名詞+副詞”、“動詞+副詞+介詞”，這三種搭配都是及物的，如變成被動語態，不可漏掉介詞。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 這樣一來，糧食和蔬菜都能兼顧了。
考點聚焦及解題點撥
(單個動詞)同義詞近義詞辨析	從三個方面考慮：詞的恰切含義、搭配（與介詞、名詞或非謂語動詞的搭配）和用法（是及物動詞還是不及物動詞）
系動詞的用法	狀態系動詞be 持續系動詞keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest 表象系動詞seem,appear 感官/感覺系動詞look,smell,taste,sound,feel 變化系動詞become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 終止系動詞prove,turn out
系動詞的用法	解答這類試題的關鍵首先是弄清題意，然后是分析句子結構，由此可判斷出該動詞是否用作系動詞，最后確定所要填入的答案。特別關注：go hungry,come true,turn writer
接雙賓語的動詞	give sb. sth=give sth.to sb buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb 但是我們只能說：suggest sth. to sb. explain sth.to sb. read sth. to sb.
短語動詞的辨析	熟記常考的短語動詞的意義
容易被我們忽視的知識點	sell, write, wash, wear等詞的主動形式后跟副詞表示被動意義
容易被我們忽視的知識點	happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等無被動形式

六、動詞的時態和語態

1. 常用常考的動詞時態和用法：（以do為例）

名稱	構成	用法
一般現在時	do/does,( 連系動詞is/am/are )	1.一般現在時表示經常發生、習慣性動作、客觀真理、科學事實、格言，目前的特征、狀態、能力等。 2.主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現在時表示將來。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數動詞的一般在時表示正在發生的動作。 There goes the bell.鈴響了。 There comes the bus.汽車來了。 Here she comes.她來了。
一般過去時	did,( 連系動詞was/were)	表達特定的過去時間內發生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內經常發生或反復發生的動作或行為。
現在進行時	is/am/are doing	1.表示正在進行的動作。 2.表示按計劃安排即將發生的動作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 從明天起他要做老師。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。 3.代替一般現在時，描繪更加生動。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 長江江水滾滾向東流。 The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。
過去進行時	was/were doing	1.表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內正在進行的動作（這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示動作在另一過去動作發生時進行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在兩個過去進行時動作同時發生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示過去將來動作 He said she was arriving the next day.
現在完成時	has/have done	1.表示過去發生的動作對現在產生的影響或結果，說話時已完成的動作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示從過去開始，待續到現在的動作或狀態，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時間狀語連用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾經到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時態中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。不能說：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻譯“他已參軍已經三年了。”可采用 ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延續法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
過去完成時	had done	1.表示在過去某一時間以前已經完成的動作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示動作或狀態從過去某個時刻開始一直延續到另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動詞的過去完成時來表示未實現的希望、打算或意圖。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
將來完成時	will/shall have done	用來表示在將來某個時刻（前）將完成的動作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
現在完成進行時	has/have been doing	用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在（還要繼續下去）的動作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
過去完成進行時	had been doing	表示動作或狀態從過去某個時刻開始一直延續到另一個過去時刻才完成，還將繼續下去。
一般將來時	will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do	一般將來時表示將來要發生的動作和存在的狀況（詳見下面2.一般將來時的特殊表達方式的比較）
過去將來時	would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do	1.相對于過去某一時刻而言即將發生的動作或存在的狀態 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告訴我他將去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告訴我他準備回家。 2. would do(表示過去的習慣)總是,總會,常常 He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接連好幾個小時默默地坐著。

2.一般將來時的特殊表達方式的比較

	將來時	用法	例句
1	be + doing 進行時表將來	go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發生的動作	He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe?
2	be about to + 動詞原形	表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語	I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
3	be to + 動詞原形	表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見	We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
4	一般現在時表將來	時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現在時表示將來	The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.

3.容易混淆的時態比較

項目	區別	例句
一般過去時與現在完成時的比較	現在完成時強調過去動作對現在產生的影響或造成的結果	We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 說明：說話者強調Jane 目前的狀況. Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只說明他過去當過木匠不涉及到現在)
一般過去時與現在完成時的比較	一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態	Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 說明：didn’t know 強調見面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現在是否記住)
現在完成時與現在完成進行時的比較	著重表示動作的結果時，用現在完成時	I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。（知道那本書的內容）
現在完成時與現在完成進行時的比較	著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續性時，則用現在完成進行時	—Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 說明：強調動作從過去到現在的延續
現在進行時與過去進行時的比較	現在進行時表示現在某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作	I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 說明：指目前一段時間正在發生的動作, until 引導的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現在時。
現在進行時與過去進行時的比較	過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作	— Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 說明：對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.
一般過去時與過去進行時的比較	一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態	Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 說明：slip和notice 為同時發生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結果的動作（他溜進去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發生的情況（沒有人注意）。
一般過去時與過去進行時的比較	過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作	.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 說明：正確選項為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it.推斷，他去年一直在寫。

II. 動詞的被動語態

	常用被動語態	構成		常用被動語態	構成
1	一般現在時	am/is/are done	6	過去進行時	was/were being done
2	一般過去時	was/were done	7	現在完成時	have/has been done
3	一般將來時	shall/will be done	8	過去完成時	had been done
4	過去將來時	should/would be done	9	將來完成時	will/would have been done
5	現在進行時	am/is/are being done	10	含有情態動詞的	can/must/may be done
注意事項	被動語態的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結構be going to, used to,have to, had better變為被動態時，只需將其后的動詞變為被動態。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
	漢語有一類句子不出現主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
	被動語態的句型 1.常見句式是：主語（受動者）＋be＋過去分詞＋（by＋施動者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主語＋get＋過去分詞＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用這種結構不能帶有“by＋施動者” 3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變為動句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。 She lent me a bike.?被動：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.雙重被動式：主語＋被動式謂語＋不定式的被動式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot.
	下面主動形式常表示被動意義 1.不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質和狀態。常見動詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。 These books sell well.這些書好賣。 The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。 The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。 2.一些連系動詞的主動式＋形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.
	不可變為被動語態的幾種情況 1.I teach myself French.不可變為Myself is taught French.因為反身代詞不可作主語。 2.We help each other/one another.不可變為Each other/One another is helped by us.因為相互代詞不可作主語。 3.He lost heart.不可變為Heart was lost by him. 因為象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought這類動賓結構的固定短語只能用于主動式，不能用被動式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變為The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因為象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態動詞沒有被動語態。
	含有短語動詞在被動語態中介詞不能丟 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. *特別注意以下句子的結構：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.*
	下面詞或短語沒有被動態： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等

七、非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞的語法功能

所能充當的成分		主語	表語	賓語	賓語補足語	定語	狀語
V-ing形式	現在分詞		△		△	△	△
V-ing形式	動名詞	△	△	△		△
不定式（to do）		△	△	△	△	△	△
過去分詞(done)			△		△	△	△

注：現在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨立成分

generally speaking一般說來；frankly speaking坦白地說；judging from/by...根據……來判斷；considering.../taking...into consideration考慮到……；

to tell you the truth說實話；seeing...考慮到……；supposing假設，如果；providing如果；given考慮到，鑒于；provided that如果

非謂語動詞的形式變化

非謂語形式	構成
	時態	語態		復合結構	否定式
		主動	被動
不定式	一般式	to do	to be done	for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth.	在“to”前加not 或never
	進行式	to have done	to have been done
	完成式	to be doing	/
	完成進行式	to have been doing	/
動名詞	一般式	doing	being done	sb.或sb’s doing 作主語要用 sb’s doing	在前加not 特別注意復合結構的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done
	完成式	having done	having been done
現在分詞	與動名詞變化形式相同				在前加not

在解非謂語習題時同學們遇到最大的困難有兩個：一是如何判別是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞；二是如何選用哪一種非謂語動詞及其恰當的形式。

一、謂語與非謂語的比較

非謂語動詞是漢語中沒有的語言現象。漢語中幾個謂語動詞連用而動詞不用作任何形式的變化。如：他明天來拜訪你。翻譯成英語不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.這里就用了不定式to visit。因此同學們要特別注意弄清句子的結構。

例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.

A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand

分析：stood是與sat并列的謂語。

非謂語語法功能的比較

做賓語的非謂語動詞比較

情況		常用動詞
只接不定式做賓語的動詞		hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語		mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist
		feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
兩者都可以	意義基本相同	begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為）
		need, want, require（主語與動名詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關系，接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，若接不定式則應用被動形式）
	意義相反	stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
	意義不同	remember/forget/regret to do（指動作尚未發生） remember/forget/regret doing（指動作已經發生）	go on to do（接著做另外一件事） go on doing（接著做同一件事）
		try to do（設法，努力去做，盡力） try doing（試試去做，看有何結果）	mean to do（打算做，企圖做） mean doing （意思是，意味著）
		can’t help （to） do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）	be considered to have done被認為已經做了 consider…to be認為是 consider doing考慮做某事

非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區別

分類	常見動詞	與賓語的邏輯關系及時間概念	例句
不定式	ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage	主謂關系，強調動作將發生或已經完成	I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times.
不定式	have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make	主謂關系，強調動作將發生或已經完成
現在分詞	notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel	主謂關系，強調動作正在進行，尚未完成	I found her listening to the radio.
過去分詞	notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel	動賓關系，動作已經完成，多強調狀態	We found the village greatly changed.

IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區別

分類	區別	例句
不定式	與被修飾詞往往有動賓關系，一般式表示將來，進行式表示與謂語動作同時發生，完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發生	I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介詞at不能丟)
動名詞	通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的主謂關系	Shall we go to the swimming pool?
現在分詞	與被修飾詞之間是主謂關系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發生	the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves
過去分詞	與被修飾詞之間是被動關系，表示動作發生在謂語動作之前，現已經完成或只表示狀態

注意：the bridge to be built 將建造的橋, the bridge being built 正在建造的橋,the bridge built已經建好的橋

八、情態動詞和虛擬語氣

情態動詞

I.情態動詞基本用法

情態動詞	用法	否定式	疑問式	簡答式
can	能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常用）可能性（表猜測，用于否定句或疑問句中）	can not / cannot /can’t do	Can…do…?	Yes,…can. No,…can’t.
could	能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常用）可能性（表猜測，用于否定句或疑問句中）	couldn’t do	Can…do…?	Yes,…can. No,…can’t.
may	可以（問句中表示請求）可能，或許（表推測）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）	may not do	May…do…?	Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might	可以（問句中表示請求）可能，或許（表推測）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）	might not do	Might…do…?	Yes,…might No,…might not.
must	必須，應該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測）	must not/mustn’t do	Must…do…? to.	Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have
have to	只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時態和人稱的變化）	don’t have to do	Do…have to do…?	Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
ought to	應當（表示義務責任，口語中多用should）	ought not to/oughtn’t to do	Ought…to do…?	Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall	用于一三人稱征求對方意見用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等	shall not/shan’t do	Shall…do…?	Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.
should	應當，應該（表義務責任）本該（含有責備意味）	should not/shouldn’t do	Should…do…?
will	意愿，決心請求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉	will not/won’t do	Will/Would…do…?	Yes,…will. No,…won’t.
would	意愿，決心請求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉	would not/wouldn’t do	Will/Would…do…?	Yes,…will. No,…won’t.
dare	敢（常用于否定句和疑問句中）	dare not/daren’t do	Dare…do…?	Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need	需要,必須（常用于否定句和疑問句中）	need not/needn’t do	Need…do…?	Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
used to	過去常常（現在已不再）	used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do	Used…to do…? Did…use to do…?	Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.

II.情態動詞的重點知識

表示“能力、許可”的can和may	表示能力的情態動詞用can/could	A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do. A.can’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.might not
	表示許可時用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在問句中用could…?或might…？以使口氣委婉客氣，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口氣明確（must表示一定，必須，mustn’t表示禁止，不許可）。	①—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, you______ A.will B.could C.may D.might ②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself. A.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t
	在肯定句中could不可以用來表示過去某一特定場合的能力，而要用was/were able to。	The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out. A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to
表示“推斷、判斷”的can may,must	在肯定句中都可以用來表示可能。在含義上must語氣最肯定,may表示的是事實上的可能性。	Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. A.must B.may C.can D.will 而can表示的是邏輯上的可能性： Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.
	在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t時用以代替mustn’t，語氣比may更肯定。中文可以翻譯為不可能。	Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may
	在疑問句只能用can，不能用may和must。	He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now?
need	need作為情態動詞只有一種形式，只用于否定句和疑問句。
dare	dare作為情態動詞用時有兩種形式：dare和dared兩個詞形，除了可以用于否定句和疑問句外，還可以用于條件從句或表示懷疑的句子中。	If he dare come,I will kick him out. I don’t know whether he dare say. 注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否定句） Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑問句）
shall	用于第一人稱：征求對方的意見。	What shall we do this evening?
shall	用于第二、三人稱：警告、命令、允諾、威脅等。	You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告 He shall have the book when I finish reading.允諾 He shall be punished.威脅
should	勸告、建議、命令、應該做、道義上的責任。	You should(ought to) go to class right away. I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.
will/would	請求、建議，would比will委婉客氣。	Would you pass me the book?
	表示意志、愿望和決心。	I will never do that again. They asked us if we would do that again
	would可表示過去反復發生的動作或某種傾向。	During the vacation he would visit me every week The wound would not heal.（傷口老是不能愈合）
	would表示估計或猜想。	It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there?
情態動詞+have done的用法	could+have done：本可以做而實際上未能做。	You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
	cannot+ have done：表示對現在或過去行為的否定推測。	He cannot have been to that town.
	can+主語+ have done：表示對過去行為的懷疑或不肯定（用在疑問句中）。	Can he have got the book?
	might(may)+ have done：對過去發生的行為不太肯定的推測。	He may not have finished the work. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
	must+ have done：對過去發生的行為肯定的推測。其否定式為：cannot have done。	You must have seen the film. You cannot have seen the film.
	needn’t+ have done：本來不必要做的而實際上又做了。	You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain. 注意：didn’t need to(have to)do：沒有必要做而實際上也沒有做 I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago.
	should(ought to)+ have done：本來應該做而實際上又沒有做。其否定形式表示某中行為不該發生卻發生了。	You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I worked to use it. 注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推測）

虛擬語氣

類別	用法			例句
If引導的條件從句	與現在事實相反	從句動詞：過去式（be用were）主句動詞：should/would/could/might+do		If he were here, he would help us.
	與過去事實相反	從句動詞：had+done 主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+done		If I had been free,I would have visited you.
	與將來事實相反	從句動詞：過去式/should+動詞原形/were+to do 主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形		If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
省略if的虛擬條件句	將虛擬條件從句中的were，had,should放到主語之前，構成主謂倒裝			①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you.
混合虛擬條件句	不同時間的虛擬：各遵守各的規則			①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now. ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now. ③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.
	虛擬與陳述的混合：各遵守各的規則			①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough. ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago.
含蓄虛擬條件句	but for+名詞表示虛擬條件		句子或主句中的謂語動詞的形式視具體情況而定。這是考查考生應變能力的最佳試題。	---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble. ---You know we’re friends. A. would get B. must have got C. would have got D. can’t have got
	without+名詞表示虛擬條件			Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.
	動詞不定式表示虛擬條件			It would be only partly right to follow in this way. 如果用這種方式，僅僅對了一半。
	現在分詞表示虛擬條件			Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.要是及時得知的話，我們也許能阻止這場事故。
	過去分詞表示虛擬條件			Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 如果多留心的話，這樹本來可以長的更好。
	副詞otherwise表示虛擬條件			I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.我當時太忙，否則我就給你打電話了。
	連詞but連接的句子表示虛擬條件			He _____fatter but he eats too little . A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become
其它狀語從句	as if/as though引導的狀語從句中動詞用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。注意：as if/as though引導的狀語從句中也可以用陳述語氣：當說話者認為所述的是真實的或極有可能發生或存在的事實時： It sounds as if it is raining．聽起來像是在下雨。 He talks as if he is drunk．從他談話的樣子來看他是醉了。			①與現在事實相反 He talks as if he knew where she was． ②與過去事實相反 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. ③與將來事實相反 He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
	in order that/so that引導的狀語從句中動詞用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do			Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
賓語從句	demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動詞為should+do			He suggested that we not change our mind.
	wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+do表示與現在，過去和將來情況相反			I wish I could be a pop singer. I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month.
主語從句	在It is necessary / important / strange that… It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等從句中，謂語動詞用should+do			It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
其它句型中	It is time that…句型中動詞用過去式或should+do			It’s high time that we left/should leave.
	would rather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成式			I would rather you stayed at home now.
	If only句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的愿望			If only our dream had come true!

九、句子的種類

按用途分

種類	類型	例句
陳述句	肯定句	We love our motherland. 我們熱愛祖國。
陳述句	否定句	They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他們星期日不上班。
疑問句	一般疑問句	Are you a worker? 你是個工人嗎？ Haven’t you seen the film? 你沒看過這部電影嗎？
	特殊疑問句	Who is the man? 這人是誰？ When do you watch TV? 你什么時間看電視？ What are they doing now? 他們現在正在干什么？
	選擇疑問句	Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水還是要咖啡？哪種都行。 Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他學日語還是學法語？他學法語。
	反意疑問句	They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他們要去機場，是嗎？ You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你沒做完作業，是嗎？
祈使句	肯定句	Be sure to get there at eight. 務必八點鐘到那兒。
祈使句	否定句	Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 別擔心，我會幫助你的。
感嘆句	what + 名詞	What great changes we have had these years! 這幾年我們有了多么大的變化啊! What a fine day it is! 多好的天氣呀!
	how + 形容詞或副詞	How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀! How hard they are working! 他們工作多努力呀！
	how +句子	How time flies! 時間過得多么快呀!
	How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n	How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!

按結構分

種類	類型	例句
簡單句	主+謂	They disappeared. 他們消失了。
	主+謂+賓	He likes swimming.他喜歡游泳。 We help each other. 我們互相幫助。
	主+謂+間賓+直接賓	I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告訴了我的朋友。 They sent us a telegram. 他們給我們拍了電報。
	主+謂+賓+賓補	They named the boy Jack. 他們給孩子起名叫杰克。 I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八點前準備好。
	主+系+表	She is a university student. 她是一名大學生。 He has become a pilot. 他已成為一名飛行員。
并列句	并列關系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but,	Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你來做，要么我請其他人來做。 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 湯姆和杰克都沒有完成作業。 Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他們完不成任務，而是任務太重了。
	轉折關系but,while（而，盡管） nevertheless(然而；不過)	John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 約翰喜歡打籃球，但他昨天沒打。
	選擇關系or, otherwise or else, either…or	We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我們必須快點，否則會趕不上火車。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我這兒來，或者我到你那去。
	因果關系for, so, thus, therefore, and so	We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我們最好呆在家里，因為天正在下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他學習不努力，因此這次考試不及格。
復合句	由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子叫復合句。在復合句中主句是全句的主體，從句是全句的一個成分，不能獨立。	從句有：名詞性從句（主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句和同位語從句）狀語從句定語從句（詳細請看以下各節羅列的內容）

十、名詞性從句

種類

關聯詞

例句

說明

主

語

從

句

連

詞

that

That he will come and help you is certain.

他來幫助你是確實無疑的。

that在引導主語從句時不可省去

whether

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.

月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。

主語從句中只能用whether不可用if。

連接代詞

who

what

which

whatever

What he wants to tell us is not clear.

他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。

Who will win the match is still unknown.

誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。

主語從句放在句首，句子常顯得笨重，因此一般

連接副詞

when

where

why

how

It is known to us how he became a writer.

我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語晚會將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。

把它移到句子后面，前面用引導詞“it”來作形式主語。

賓

語

從

句

陳述意義

that

I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠誠的。

We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.

我們決不能認為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。

that在句中不擔任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。

疑問意義

whether

I wonder whether he will come or not.

我想知道他來還是不來。

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.

一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。

I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting.

我不知道它是否有意思。

He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天氣是否好。

whether常與or not連用，不能用if代替。

作介詞賓語要用whether不能用if。

從句是否定句時一般用if引導。

特殊疑問意義

who, whom,

which,whose,

what, when,

where, why,

how,whoever,

whatever,

whichever

Please tell me what you want.請告訴我你需要什么？

She always thinks of how she can work well.

她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.

凡需要幫助的人，她都會給予熱情的支持。

賓語從句作及物動詞賓語也可做介詞的賓語。

注1

如果賓語從句后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，將從句后置。

We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

我們必須認清無論誰違反了法律都要受到懲罰。

注2

think,believe,imagine,suppose等動詞引出的賓語從句，要將從句中的否定形式，移到主句中。

We don’t think you are right. 我們認為你不對。

I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不會這樣做的。

表

語

從

句

連詞

that

whether

as if

The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough.

問題是他們不能很早到達這里。

It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起來天要下雨。

在非正式的文體中that可以省去

表語從句位于主句系動詞之后

連接代詞

who

what

which

That’s just what I want. 這正是我想要的。

The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker.

問題是誰（你們哪一位）接著發言。

連接副詞

when

where

why

how

This is where our problem lies.

這就是我們的問題所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.

那就是他為什么不到會的原因。

同

位

語

從

句

由連詞that引導，不擔任成分，也可有when, how, where等引導。

The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陸這個消息傳遍世界。

I have no idea when he will come back home.

我不知道他什么時候回來。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.

他想到可能瑪麗生病了。

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.

他必須回答他是否同意此事這樣一個問題。

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內容，常用的名詞如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。

特別注意what的雙重功能：

①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．

(what為“所……的事”，相當于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)

②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）

A.what B.when C.that D.which

(what相當于“the time that”，表示“……時間”)

③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？

(what表示“……的人”，相當于“the person that…”)

④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．

(what表示“……的地方”，相當于“the place that…”)

⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago

(what表示“……的數目”，相當于“the amount ／number that…”)

十一、狀語從句

種類	從屬連詞	例句		說明
時間狀從	When whenever	When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.當我進屋時，他正在寫信。 We shall go there whenever we are free.我們什么時間有空，我們就去那里。		when指的是“某一具體的時間” whenever指的是“在任何時間”
	when	I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走著，這時忽然有人從后面拍我的肩膀。		when意為“這時”或“在那個時候”,可以看作是并列句,這種用法的when分句一般位于句末。
	while	While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的時候，他們出去了。 I stayed while he was away.他不在的時候我在。		while指“在某一段時間里”，“在…期間”，while引導的動作必須是持續性的
	as	He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他趕快回家，不時地一邊走一邊向后看。		as引導持續性動作，強調主句和從句的動作同時發生
	before	Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做學生，再做先生。
	after	He arrived after the game started.比賽開始后，他到了。
	till	We waited till (until)he came back .我們一直等到他回來。		如主句動詞是持續性動作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…為止”
	until		She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11點鐘才停止工作。 Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there. 她站在那里看著，直到看不見他的身影。	如主句動詞是瞬間動詞，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,從句放在句首表示強調，一般用until
	since as soon as		Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 自從1978年以來中國發生了巨大的變化。 As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就給你寫信。	狀語從句在主句之前時一般用逗號與主句分開，如從句在主句之后則不必用標點符號。
	hardly…when no sooner…than		I had hardly got home when it began to rain. 我剛一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had we got to the station than the train left. 我們剛到車站，火車就走了。 Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我們剛開始就被叫停。	hardly…when和no sooner…than的意義相當于as soon as,但只表示過去發生的事情，主句為過去完成時，從句為過去時，如hardly或no sooner位于句首時語氣強，而且主句的謂語要用部分倒裝
	every time, by the time, the moment等		Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都暈船。 The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful. 我一聽到這首歌，就感到很愉快。 Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你來的時候，就會見到他。	在時間狀語從句中，不能用將來時或過去將來時，而要用現在時或過去時代替將來時
地點狀從	where wherever		Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。 Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。 You are free to go wherever you like.你可以隨意到你喜歡的任何地方去。 Wherever you go, you must obey the law.無論你去哪都要遵守法律。	where與wherever意義基本相同，但后者語氣較強，多用于書面語
原因狀從	because		I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回來晚了，因為我值班。	because用來回答why 的問題，語氣最強
	since		Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我們開始開會。	since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首
	as		As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary . 由于他英語懂得不多，他在字典中查閱這個單詞。	從句常放在句首，說明原因，主句說明結果，常用于口語中。
	now that, seeing that		Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey. 鑒于天氣已經晴朗，我們可以啟程了。 Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor. 鑒于他病情嚴重，我們派人去請醫生去了。	seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意義相似，他們都有“鑒于某個事實”的意思，that可以省去
目的狀從	that so that in order that lest = for fear that	I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的電話號碼記下來，以免忘記。 We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真實情況告訴你，使你能自己作出判斷。 They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他們比往常更加努力工作，為了能提前完成工作。 Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold. 多穿點衣服，以免感冒。		目的狀語從句中常用情態動詞may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在動詞之前，從句往往放在主句之后，主從句之間不用任何標點符號
結果狀從	so that so…that	We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. 我們把收音機的音量放大，大家都聽到了新聞。 He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他十分激動，以致一句話都說不出來。		so that前有逗號為結果狀語從句 so…that的so后面跟形容詞或副詞
	such…that	He gave such important reasons that he was excused. 他說出了這么重要的理由，得到大家的諒解。 It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it. 這是一本十分有趣的書，大家都想看。		such…that的such后面跟名詞，如果名詞是單數就要用such a /an…that還可以轉換用so…that，語氣較強
條件狀從	if unless as/so long as in case so far as	Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them. 如果我們不怕困難，困難就算不了什么了。 We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我們明天就去那里。 = We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed. 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。 In case I forget, please remind me about it .萬一我忘了，請提醒我一下。 So far as I know, the book will be published next month. 據我所知，那本書下月出版。		unless從句的謂語只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同義，unless是書面語，if…not是口語，通常二者可以換用條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞的時態一般要用現在時或過去時代替一般將來時或過去將來時
方式狀從	as as if… as though	Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的畫一只貓。 Do as you are told.按照人家告訴你做的去做。 She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。 He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行動就好象什么也沒有發生。 They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal. 他們對待這黑孩子仿佛他是一頭牲口。		此處as譯為：按照或正如 as if或as though的意義和用法基本一樣。從句中可以用現在時表示可能符合事實，也可以用虛擬語氣
讓步狀從	although though	Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French. 雖然他六十多歲了，但仍開始學習法語。 We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day. 雖然我們干了一天活，但并不累。		在句子中一般用了“雖然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以與yet或still連用。though / although意義相同，用法基本一樣，前者通俗，口語化，后者正式多放主句的前面
	even if,even though	I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要去。		even if 和even though的意思為“即使”“縱使”有退一步設想的意味，多用于書面語中
	as	Child as he is , he knows a lot .雖然他是一個孩子，但他懂得很多。 Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors. 雖然天氣冷，但孩子們仍在戶外玩。		as引出的狀語從句多用于書面語，它比用 though或although引導的從句，語氣強，更有表現力，從句常放在句首，語序部分倒裝。
	no matter (who, what when, where which, how…)	Do it no matter what others say.不管別人怎么說,盡管干。 No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day. 不管他多忙，他都每天堅持學習英語。 No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful. 不管誰為我處理這件事，我都將非常感激。		no matter……與 who-ever引導的讓步狀語從句意義基本一樣，no matter……引導的從句可是以位于主句前或主句后
	wh+ever (whatever whoever ,whenever whichever ,however)	Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart. 無論發生什么，我們都不要失去信心。 Whoever comes, he will be welcome.無論誰來，都會受到歡迎。
比較狀從	as…as , not so/as…as the same…as such…as	Mary is as old as my sister.瑪利和我姐姐一樣大。 He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那樣快。 His book is the same as mine.他的書和我的一樣。 Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利這個工人不如彼得那樣好。		連詞表示同程度級的比較，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as
	…than…	She has made greater progress this year than she did last year. 她今年比去年進步更大。 He bought fewer books than I (did).他買的書比我買的少。
	the more …the more…	The more you read, the better you understand.你看的書越多，你懂得的就越多。 The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get. 你賣的票越多，你的收入也越多。 The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你工作越努力，你取得的進步就越大。 The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越暖和越好。		the more…the more 意思為越…越…，通常的語序為從句在前主句在后，這兩個the都是表示程度的副詞，用在比較級的形容詞或副詞前面

十二、定語從句

I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔當一個成分，并與先行詞保持數的一致。

關系詞		先行詞	從句成分	例句	備注
關系代詞	who	人	主語	Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?	whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時后面關系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that
	whom	人	賓語	Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
	whose	人或物	定語	I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
	that	人或物	主語，賓語	A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
	which	物	主語，賓語	The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
	as	人或物	主語，賓語	He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.	as做賓語一般不省略
關系副詞	when	時間	時間狀語	I will never forget the day when we met there.	可用on which
	where	地點	地點狀語	This is the house where I was born.	可用in which
	why	原因	原因狀語	I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.	可用for which

II. that與which, who, whom的用法區別

情況

用法說明

例句

只用that的情況

1.先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時

2.先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時

3.先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時

4.先行詞既指人又指物時

5.先行詞被the only, the very修飾時

6.句中已經有who或which時，為了避免重復時

1.He told me everything that he knows.

2.All the books that you offered has been given out.

3.This is the best film that I have ever read.

4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.

5.He is the only man that I want to see.

6.Who is the man that is making a speech?

只用which, who, whom的情況

1.在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人

2.在由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。

3.先行詞本身是that時，關系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。

1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.

2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.

3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

III. as、which和that的區別

從句

區別

例句

限制性

定語從句中

名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關系代詞用as,不能用which

He is not such a fool as he looks.

Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.

非限制性

定語從句中

as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。

They won the game, as we had expected.

They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.

As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.

the same... as和

the same ...that

the same... as指同類事物

the same ...that 指原物

That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同類工具，不是同一把）

That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用過的工具。

注意：the way 做先行詞時，定語從句可由that, in which 引導或不用引導詞。

IV.定語從句與其它從句（句型）的區別

類別

區別

例句

定語從句

與

并列句

定語從句與并列句的主要區別在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列連詞或兩個句子用分號連接，這時就不能再用引導定語從句的關系詞了。

①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer．

②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．

從結構上看，①小題是定語從句，故填whom；

②小題有并列連詞but，是并列句，故填代詞 them。

定語從句

與

狀語從句

定語從句的前面有名詞作先行詞，而狀語從句沒有先行詞。

This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.

這是幾年前我們居住的地方。（定語從句，先行詞為the place）

Let’s go where we can find a better job.

我們到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地點狀語從句）

定語從句修飾、限制、說明名詞，只能放在先行詞的后面，而狀語從句說明動作發生的情況，并且可以放在主句的前面。

Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下課的時間嗎？（定語從句）

It was already five o’clock when the class was over.

=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.

當下課時己經是5點了。（時間狀語從句）

When, where和why在引導定語從句時可以用“介詞＋which”的結構來替換，在引導狀語從句時卻不行。

This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked.

這就是他的父親曾經工作過的那個工廠。（定語從句）

Put back the book where it was. 把書放回原處。（狀語從句）

定語從句中的關系詞在從句中充當某種句子成分，因此去掉它則從句成分不完整；而結果狀語從句中的連接詞在從句中不作任何成分，去掉后從句的成分仍然完整。

It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我們大家都喜歡的如此有趣的書。

（as用作動詞like的賓語，它引導的是定語從句）

It is such an interesting book that we all like it.

它是一本如此有趣的書，我們大家都喜歡它。

（that不充當句子成分，故它引導的是結果狀語從句）

定語從句

與

同位語從句

定語從句在復合句中相當于形容詞，對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制的作用，與先行詞之間有從屬關系。同位語的作用相當于名詞，對前面的名詞給予補充說明或進一步解釋，是前面名詞的具體內容,與先行詞之間是同位關系。

The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.

她考試及格的消息使她父母親很高興。（同位語從句）

此句中的同位語從句 The news that she had passed the exam

可以改寫成表語從句：The news is that he passed the exam.

The news that he told us interested all of us.

他告訴我們的消息使大家都感興趣。（定語從句）

The news that he told us 是定語從句，此句不能改寫為：The news is that he told us.

定語從句

與

強調句

強調句的結構為“It is／was＋被強調部分＋that＋從句”。被強調部分可以是除謂語以外的任何成分，當被強調部分是人時，還可用who代替that。這一句型中，一定不能因為被強調部分是表時間或地點的詞就用when或where代替 that。

①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport．

②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．

從結構上看：

①小題是強調句，故填 that。

②小題則是定語從句，用上述方法轉換便知the factory前差個介詞in，故填 where。

十三、強調句

強調的類別

說明

例句

It is (was) +被強調部分+that(who)…

為了強調句子的某一成分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語），常用強調結構：

It is (was) +被強調部分+that(who)…

表示強調的it在這種結構的

句子中作主句的主語。

原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.

強調主語：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.

強調賓語：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.

強調地點狀語：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.

強調時間狀語：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.

一般講，原句的謂語動詞如果是現在或將來各種時態，用It is…that (who)…；如果原句謂語動詞是過去各種時態，則用It was… that(who)…。

注意點

①在強調主語時，that后的謂語動詞要與被強調者保持人稱和數的

It is I who am a teacher.

②即使被強調的主語是復數，主句中的謂語動詞也用單數

It is they who often help me with my lessons.

③在強調時間、地點、原因、或方式狀語時，不要用when,where,why

或 how ，而用that

It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.

④在強調not … until 結構中由 until 短語（或從句）表示的時間狀語時，

要用固定的強調句型

It is(was) not until ...that...。that 從句中的謂語動詞用肯定式。

My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.

It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.

⑤在強調一般疑問句中的某一成分時，主句要用一般疑問句的語序：

把is/ was提到it前面。

Did this happen in Beijing?

Was it in Beijing that this happened?

⑥特殊疑問句中只有疑問詞可以強調，其強調結構是“被強調部分（通

常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?"

Where were you born?

Where was it that you were born?

⑦not …until…句型的強調句[來源:學|科|網Z|X|X|K]

句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分

原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.

強調句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.

此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強調句型，till, until可通

用；因為句型中It is/ was not … 已經是否定句了，that后面的從句

要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

謂語動詞的強調

It is/ was … that …結構不能強調謂語，如果需要強調謂語時，用助動詞do/ does或did。

Do sit down. 務必請坐。

He did write to you last week.上周他確實給你寫了信。

Do be careful when you cross the street.

過馬路時，務必（千萬）要小心啊！

此種強調只用do/does和did ，沒有別的形式；過去時用did，后面的謂語動詞用原形。

十四、省略句

類別

具體內容

例句

詞

法

上

的

省

略

名詞所有格后修飾的名詞在以下情況可以省略

①如果名詞所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現，則可以省略。

②名詞所有格后修飾的名詞如果是指商店、住宅等地點時，這些名詞也常常省略。

These are John's books and those are Mary's (books).

這些是約翰的書，那些是瑪麗的書。

at the doctor's 在診所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家

to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理發店

冠詞的省略

①為了避免重復

②在副詞的最高級前面的定冠詞常可以省略。

③在某些獨立主格結構中。

④在as引導的讓步狀語從句中，當作表語的單數名詞提前時，不定冠詞要省略。

①The lightning flashed and thunder crashed.電閃雷鳴。

（thunder前省略了定冠詞the）

②She sings best in the class.她在班上唱歌唱得最好。

③Our teacher came in, book in hand.

(=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)

我們的老師手里拿著一本書進來了。

④Child as he is, he knows a lot.

雖然他還是一個孩子，卻懂得很多

介詞的省略

①both 后常跟of短語，其后可以接名詞復數形式，也可以接代詞賓格復數形式。接復數名詞時，介詞of可以省略，但接代詞賓格時，of不能省略。

②在現在完成時表持續和重復的句型中，一段時間前的介詞for可以省略。

③和一些動詞搭配構成的短語中的介詞，consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing...,

have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介詞可以省略。

①Both (of) the films were interesting. 這兩部電影都很有趣。

She invited both of us to her birthday party.

她邀請我們倆去參加她的生日派對。

②These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.

這雙鞋穿破了，已經穿了很長一段時間了。

③Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.

樹能阻止泥土被沖走。

Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river?

你能阻止他下河洗澡嗎？

I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.

回答這個問題我有點困難。

①有些動詞，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補的結構。

to be + n. / adj.中的to be可以省略。

②感官動詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役動詞let, make, have后作賓補的動詞不定式，

其中的不定式符號to要省略，但變為被動結構時，to必須保留。

③在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的動詞不定式一般不帶to；but之前有實

義動詞do的某個形式do, does, did, done 時，也不帶to, 否則要帶to。

④在并列結構中為了避免重復。

⑤在why, why not 引導的特殊問句中后跟省略to的動詞不定式。

⑥動詞不定式中動詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現過同樣的動詞。如果句子前面出現過同樣的動詞，為了避免重復，句子后面的不定式常省略動詞原形，而保留不定式符號to。

①I consider him (to be) lazy.我認為他懶。

His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.

他母親發覺他是一個很聰明的孩子。

②They made the boy go to bed early.他們強迫這個男孩早睡。

The boy was made to go to bed early. 這個男孩被迫早睡。

注：help后作賓補的動詞不定式中的to可以省略也可保留。

③We have nothing to do now but wait.

我們現在除了等沒有別的事可做。

I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不欽佩他的勇敢。

He has no choice but to accept the fact.

除了接受這個事實他別無選擇。

④I'm really puzzled what to think or say.

我真不知道該怎么想，怎么說才好。

但兩個不定式有對照或對比的意義時，則后一個to不能省。

I came not to scold but to praise you.

我來不是責備你，而是贊美你。

⑤Why talk so much about it?為什么大談這個事呢？

Why not try it again? 為什么不再試一試呢？

⑥They may go if they wish to(go).

如果他們想去，他們就可以去。

Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告訴你去，你才可以去。

在一些動詞afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟動詞不定式作賓語，不定式中的to可以承前（后)省略。

—Will you go to the cinema with me?

你愿和我一起去看電影嗎？

—Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。

I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).

我想為你做這事，但我又不知如何做。

在某些形容詞，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省

略動詞原形，只保留不定式符號to。

—Will you join us in the game?

你愿和我們一起做這個游戲嗎？

—Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 當然，我愿意。

有些動詞，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,forbid等后跟動詞不定式作賓語補足語、主語補足語時，不定式承前省略動詞原形，保留動詞不定式符號to。

He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come).

盡管我們邀請他來，他卻沒來。

注：承前省略的動詞不定式如果有助動詞have或be，則要保留be或have。

—Are you a teacher? 你是老師嗎？

—No, but I used to be (a teacher).不，我以前是。

句

法

上

的

省

略

簡單句中的省略

①感嘆句中常省略主語和謂語。

②在一些口語中可以省略某些句子成分。

①What a hot day (it is)!多熱的天啊！

How wonderful!多妙啊！

②—（Will you）Have a smoke?你抽煙嗎？

—No.Thanks.不，謝謝了。

（Is there）Anything else to say?還有別的要說嗎？

并列句中的省略

①如果主語不同，而謂語動詞中的一部分相同，則省略謂語動詞中相同的那部分。

②主語相同，謂語動詞也相同，則二者都可以省略。

③主語相同，而謂語不同，則可以省略主語。

④在并列復合句中，如果that從句從屬于第二個并列句且它的謂語動詞和賓語等其它一些成分與第一個并列句相同時，這個that從句通常可以省略這些相同的部分。

①John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.

約翰一定在踢球，而瑪麗一定在做作業。

②His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.

他的建議使約翰高興，卻使瑪麗很生氣。

③Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.

老麥克唐納戒了一陣子煙，可很快又抽上了。

④Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）.

杰克將在晚會上唱歌，但我知道約翰不會在晚會上唱歌。

復合句中的省略

▲名詞性從句中的省略

①作賓語的what從句中的謂語動詞與主句的相同，則what從句可以省略謂語，甚至主語

②有時候也可以根據說話的情景來省略主句中的一些成分。

③在某些表虛擬語氣的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中，從句謂語動詞中的助動詞should可以省略。

▲定語從句中的省略

①在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。

②關系副詞when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week,

month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that結構中引導限制性定語從句時，在非正式場合下，可以省略關系副詞when, where, why, that。

▲狀語從句中的省略

當狀語從句中的主語和主句的主語一致，或狀語從句中的主語是it，并且又含有be動詞時，常可以省略從句中的主語和be動詞。

①在as, before, till, once, when, while等引導的時間狀語從句中。

②在though, although,等引導的讓步狀語從句中。

③在if, unless(=if... not)等引導的條件狀語從句中。

④在as, as if, as though引導的讓步狀語從句中。

⑤在as(so)... as..., than引導的比較狀語從句中。

復合句中的省略

▲名詞性從句中的省略

①Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).

有人用了我的自行車，但我不知道是誰。

He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).

他走了，但沒人知道他去哪兒了。

②（I'm）Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.

對不起，讓你久等了。

③It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely.

我們對老人說話要有禮貌，這很重要。

▲定語從句中的省略

①The man(who/whom)I saw is called Smith.

我見到的那個人名叫史密斯。

Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?

今天上午我買的那本書在哪兒？

②I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.

我永遠也不會忘記我們第一次見面的那一天。

The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair.

他來這么早是他自己的事。

The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable.

你回答這些問題的方式令人欽佩。

▲狀語從句中的省略

①While（I was）waiting, I was reading some magazines.

我一邊看雜志，一邊等。

②Though (they were) tired, they went on working.

雖然他們累了，但他們仍繼續工作。

③You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.

除非你被邀請，否則你不應該來參加他的宴會。

④He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那樣去做了。

He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.

他停下來，好像是在期待她說話。

⑤He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那樣去做了。

He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.

他停下來，好像是在期待她說話。

I know you can do better than he (can do).

我知道你能比他做得更好。

This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does).

這輛小車不及那輛跑得快。

十五、倒裝句

類型

情況

例句

部分倒裝

（部分倒裝是把be動詞、情態動詞、助動詞放到主語之前。如果句子中沒有這些詞,要在主語之前加助動詞do/does /did等,而把原來的謂語動詞變成原形放在主語之后。）

句首狀語為否定詞或半否定詞的句子。

這類詞或短語主要有never, neither, nor, little,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,no sooner, not only,in no way,at no time,few, not,no等

Not a word did I say to him.

Never have I found him so happy.

Little does he care about what I said.

I can’t swim. Neither can he.

No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.

Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep.

only+狀語放在句首,要部分倒裝

Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介詞短語)

Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副詞)

Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (從句)

注意:如果only后面不是狀語,則不用倒裝。

OnlyWang Ling knows this.

so或so引導的短語放在句首,要部分倒裝

I saw the film, so did she.

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

“Not only+分句,but also+分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒裝“Not only + 分句,but also + 分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒裝

Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it.

但not only...but also...連接主語時,不倒裝。

Not only the mother but also the children are sick.

Not until放在句首,從句不倒裝,主句倒裝

Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (簡單句)

Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (復合句)

as/though引導的讓步狀語從句

Proud as these nobles are, he’s afraid to see me.

Tired as he was, he kept on running.

Tired though he was, he kept on running.

=Though he was tired,he kept on running

Child as he is,he knows a lot.(注意：child前沒有冠詞a)

在以often, well, many a time, now and again

等方式或頻度副詞(短語)開頭的句子中,要用部分倒裝結構

Many a time has John given me good advice.

Often have we made that test.

在虛擬結構中，條件從句的謂語含有were,

had 和should這三個詞是，可省去if，將

這些詞移至主語之前。

Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.

Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.

Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.

用于某些表示祝愿的句子里

May you succeed!

完全倒裝

There be結構。另外,在此結構中可以用來代替be動詞的動詞有:exist, seem, happen, appear,live, rise, stand等

There stood a dog before him.

There exist different opinions on this question.

“Here,There, Now, Then + come (或be等) + 主語” 結構

說明:本句型中there是副詞,應重讀,強調地點。而前一句型中的there是引導詞,本身沒意義

Here comes the old lady!

Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.

There comes the bus.

Now comes your turn.

除了then引導的句子用過去式以外,其余的均用一般現在時,表示一種生動的描述。其次,如果主語是人稱代詞,就不用倒裝。

Here you are.

There she comes.

表示方向的副詞out, in, up, down等置于句首,要用全部倒裝。

In came Mr White.

Up went the arrow into the air.

Away went the boy.

表示地點的介詞短語 (如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house,in the middle of the room等)放在句首時,要全部倒裝

On the top of the hill stands a pine tree.

In front of the classroom is a playground.

They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.

其它形式的完全倒裝

Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.（形容詞短語）

Such was the story he told me.（代詞）

East of the city lies a new railway. (副詞短語)

First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短語)

Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (過去分詞)

Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (現在分詞短語)

用于某些表示祝愿的句子里

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

您已閱覽分秒感謝光臨

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