英語(yǔ)句子中的省略

省略句是我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)過(guò)程中能不斷體驗(yàn)收獲和趣味的一種慣用手法，無(wú)論是說(shuō)話還是寫(xiě)作，都要求生動(dòng)活潑，簡(jiǎn)明扼要。按照語(yǔ)法的分析, 有時(shí)句子應(yīng)具備的成分出于修辭上的需要, 會(huì)缺少一個(gè)或幾個(gè)句子語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所必要的語(yǔ)言成分，但在一定語(yǔ)境中可獨(dú)立存在，仍能表達(dá)其意義完整并發(fā)揮交流功能的句子則被稱(chēng)為省略句。省略的結(jié)果不僅能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加精練，而且可起到連接上下文并使相鄰詞語(yǔ)達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。
英語(yǔ)省略句用詞簡(jiǎn)練, 表意簡(jiǎn)練, 往往收到一定的修飾效果, 句中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明確信息或前文已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的某些成分，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，也不會(huì)引起言語(yǔ)上的誤解，并可突出中心詞，從而使整文緊密連接的一種修辭手法，其語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象就是省略。舉個(gè)例子：Glad to see you. 這是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，主語(yǔ)I和謂語(yǔ)am可以省略。省略的形式從單詞、短語(yǔ)到分句等都可省略, 而且各有其一定的銜接關(guān)系。

二 省略句的分類(lèi)

（一）句中成分的省略

1. 主語(yǔ)的省略
Beg your pardon. （我）請(qǐng)你原諒。（Beg前省略了主語(yǔ)I）
Come on! 得了吧（你）！（Come前省略了主語(yǔ)You）
2. 謂語(yǔ)的省略
John is a lawyer，his wife (is) a cleaner. 
Some of us study Japanese，others (study) English. 
3. 表語(yǔ)的省略
She was a lover of sports as she had been in her youth..（had been后面省略了a lover of sports）
4. 賓語(yǔ)的省略
Let’s do the cases. I’ll read and you’ll type.（read和 type后面省略了賓語(yǔ)cases）
5. 定語(yǔ)的省略
I spent part of the money, and the rest I gave.（the rest后面省略了定語(yǔ)of the money）
6. 狀語(yǔ)的省略
She wasn’t cry. Strange! （Strange前面省略了狀語(yǔ)how）
7. 詞的省略
1）名詞、冠詞、物主代詞或介詞如果與前文重復(fù)時(shí)，可以省略，如：
I like red wine better than white (wine).
The lightning flashed and (the) thunder crashed. 
Please take good care of these flowers and (these) plants. 
We lived in Beijing and (in) Shanghai for some time. 
2）重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的形容詞，省略后邊的；兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上被形容詞修飾的同一名詞，前邊的則常被省略。
We are young boys and (young) girls. 
There were middle-aged (women) and elderly women to attend the meeting;
8. 英語(yǔ)中一些固定特殊的省略結(jié)構(gòu)
1）在回答一般疑問(wèn)句的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中，或回答用陳述句，祈使句表示要求、命令的簡(jiǎn)略回答中，常用Yes /No＋主語(yǔ)＋助動(dòng)詞，而省略主動(dòng)詞或其它成份，但助動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和原句的助動(dòng)詞和時(shí)間概念須保持相應(yīng)的一致。
— Could I borrow your dictionary? 
— Yes, of course you can. (句中 could表示委婉語(yǔ)氣，并不是過(guò)去式，因此答語(yǔ)用can，其后省略borrow my dictionary.) 
— Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. 
— I won't. (祈使句原含有未來(lái)的意味，再加上有tomorrow的限制，因此答語(yǔ)用 won't，其后省略forget to go you’re your birthday party tomorrow.) 
2) 同時(shí)省掉句子幾個(gè)部分有時(shí)好幾個(gè)句子成分都被省掉，除了對(duì)疑問(wèn)句的簡(jiǎn)略回答外，也出現(xiàn)在反意疑問(wèn)句中。如：You are a superman，aren’t you (a superman) ? 
3）在以know, forget, remember等動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾的簡(jiǎn)答句后的子句通常也可省略，以避免重復(fù)。
— Who won the football match last night?
— Sorry, I don’t know (who won the football match last night.)
4）在以if, when，though，as，as if 等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句中，如從句中主要?jiǎng)釉~是be，可將主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞be省掉。
He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old.
The boy looked as if ( he were ) afraid of nothing. 
5）so，nor/neither 用來(lái)表示“……也一樣”時(shí)的省略結(jié)構(gòu)
— I am a student.
— So am I (a student). 
— We haven't been there.
— Neither (Nor) have we (been there).

（二）句中結(jié)構(gòu)的省略

1. 簡(jiǎn)單句的省略

1）名詞所有格之后的省略
He is going to his uncle’s (house). 
2) 含there be結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略
(Is there) Anything wrong?
3) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的分詞如為being或having been時(shí)的省略
The examination (being) over, we all left the school.

4) 不定式的省略

（1）并列的不定式
Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes. 
（2）為避免重復(fù), 作某些動(dòng)詞hope, want等賓語(yǔ)或tell, order, ask的賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，省略不定式短語(yǔ), 只保留不定式符號(hào)to.
The child wanted to play in the street, but her mother told her not to. 
（ 此句中 not to 后省略了和上文相重復(fù)的play in the street.） .
（3）感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, notice, hear或使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have,等后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)省略to.
I saw the girl cross the street. 
I had my father repair my bike. 
注意：當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，需恢復(fù)to的省略! 如：The girl was seen to cross the street.
（4）有had better, would rather, can’t but 或Why not等句型后面直接跟動(dòng)詞原形，實(shí)際上是接省to的不定式。
You had better tell me the truth.
I could not but (to) laugh at him. 
Why not go and ask the teacher for help?
（5）在回答問(wèn)句及其它形式的答語(yǔ)中，如有和上文重復(fù)的不定式時(shí)，在答語(yǔ)中只保留其不定式符號(hào)to，而把動(dòng)詞和其它部分省略。
— Would you like to come to dinner tonight? 
— I'd like to. But I'm too busy. （ 此句中的I'd like to 后省略了come to dinner tonight.）

5) 介詞（或介詞短語(yǔ)）的省略

（1）動(dòng)名詞前面的介詞in在一定條件下常被省略
We spent a large sum of money (in) building the mansion. 
而當(dāng)spend money in doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)in不能省略
A large sum of money was spent in building the mansion. 
（2）near或opposite作形容詞表示“在…的附近”或“在…對(duì)面”時(shí)后接的介詞to可省略
It is near (to) the airport, opposite (to) the supermarket. 
（3）of +形容詞+名詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表示大小、年齡、形狀、顏色或價(jià)格時(shí)of常被省略
We are（of）the same age, I suppose. 
（4）含有side, height, length, size, shape等慣用語(yǔ)前介詞on有時(shí)可被省略
Try to keep your discourse（on）this side of 3000 words． 
（5）有些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞習(xí)慣搭配介詞短語(yǔ), 在以what, when, how, whether, that出現(xiàn)的從句或不定式短語(yǔ)之前有時(shí)被省略介詞短語(yǔ)as to.
Be careful (as to) how you do that.

6) 同源賓語(yǔ)的省略

同源賓語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)是形容詞最高級(jí)或含有最高級(jí)意義時(shí)可以省去該同源賓語(yǔ) 
During the football match, the fans all shouted their loudest (shout). 
She sang her sweetest (song).

7) 英語(yǔ)中慣用的省略句型

即，What/How about后只跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)），以及感嘆句中的省略現(xiàn)象。
How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden?
What a beautiful view (it is)!

2. 并列句中的省略

1) 并列句的省略是最常見(jiàn)的，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在后一并列句中凡是與上文相同的成分通常都會(huì)被省略。 
To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard. 
2) 簡(jiǎn)單句的并列結(jié)構(gòu)中也常有省略的做法 
We may go there by train or (by) air.
3）并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)在狀語(yǔ)從句中
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 
（此句中，前一個(gè)分句帶一個(gè)As引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句中 move away from 后為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)，their…，their…，their…在and后的分句中，the confidence后省略了is cut off.）

3. 復(fù)合句中的省略

1） 復(fù)合句中從句的句尾和主句相重復(fù)時(shí)從句的句尾部分可省掉
Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor). 
2）含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句
（1）定語(yǔ)從句中可以省略作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞；非正式文體中，也可省略關(guān)系副詞when或why. 
I shall never forget the day (when) I entered TV University. 
I like the film for the very reason (why) you dislike it.
（2）關(guān)系代詞as后面的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)也可省略
He gave the same answer as (he had given) before. 
3）含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句
（1）在兩個(gè)并列的that從句如主動(dòng)詞及其賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等都一樣時(shí)可將第二個(gè)that從句的主動(dòng)詞及隨帶成份省略。
I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won't (dance in the party).
（2）在兩個(gè)并列的that從句如主語(yǔ)相同，而謂語(yǔ)不同，可把第二個(gè)that從句的連詞和主語(yǔ)一起省略。
Tell Peter that I'll call to see him and (that I 'll ) have talk with him.
（3）在兩個(gè)并列從句如連詞不同而其它成份相同時(shí)，可省略第一分句和第二分句相同的部分，只把兩個(gè)連詞連接起來(lái)。
Her parents don't know when (she was born) and where she was born. 
（4）在以某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞，如：sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied的詞所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that可省略。
We aren’t sure which the best is.
I was very pleased my friend had passed the exam.
（5）在以which, when, where, how和why引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，其謂語(yǔ)與主句謂語(yǔ)相同時(shí)省略全部謂語(yǔ)，有時(shí)甚至主語(yǔ)也可省略，只保留一個(gè)w h～的詞。 
He can’t go to school, but I don’t know why (he can’t go to school).

4）含有狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句

狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略原則是，如主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致，或主語(yǔ)是it，可省略從句的連接詞、主語(yǔ)和be助動(dòng)詞，只保留分詞和其它成分，從而使語(yǔ)言更加簡(jiǎn)潔明了。
（1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
I favor English when (I was) a pupil. 
（2）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
The river is clean where (it is) deep. 
（3）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
Although (she was) the youngest of the group, she won all the prizes.
（4）方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
The baby closed his eyes as if ( he were ) to sleep. 
（5）條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
She won’t come unless (she is) invited.
（6）原因狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
(If we were) Given more attention, the plants could have grown better.
（7）比較狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
You can play the game just as wonderfully as I (do). 
在以than和as引導(dǎo)的比較結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，省略某些與主句相同的成分或在特定上下文中有某些不言而喻的成分，可省掉整個(gè)as/than從句。
The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper. (than those in this shop), but (they are) not as good (as those in this shop).
（8）狀語(yǔ)從句中并列結(jié)構(gòu)的省略
在復(fù)合句中，如兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)從句只是從屬連詞不同，其它相同時(shí)，則可省略一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，而把兩個(gè)從屬連詞連接起來(lái)。
They will be arriving either before (the film begins) or after the film begins. 
5）虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中if的省略 . 
與If引導(dǎo)的條件從句中含有were, had時(shí)，可將if省略, 并用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 
Were I you , I wouldn’t go with him.

三 結(jié)論

“省略”不僅是一種以無(wú)為有的表達(dá)方法, 更是一種簡(jiǎn)便至極, 雖無(wú)勝有的修辭手段。 大文豪莎士比亞有句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit. 意為：“言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴”。 尤其對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言并以此為樂(lè)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)員們來(lái)說(shuō)甚有同感！“簡(jiǎn)潔”二字并非簡(jiǎn)潔，而真要做到“簡(jiǎn)”得恰到好處、“潔”得恰如其分，省略法的研究與掌握是勢(shì)在必行且樂(lè)在其中的事。