轉(zhuǎn)載:管理學(xué)季刊 不論寫(xiě)什么類(lèi)型的文章,都需要寫(xiě)一個(gè)引言。有時(shí)候,我們不知道如何開(kāi)頭,便會(huì)等到整篇文章都寫(xiě)好了,才添上一個(gè)開(kāi)頭。那個(gè)時(shí)候,我們的邏輯相對(duì)清楚,寫(xiě)起開(kāi)頭來(lái)也相對(duì)容易。我們都希望寫(xiě)一個(gè)更有意思的開(kāi)頭,給讀者開(kāi)出一條路,吸引他們讀下去。于是,我們可能先舉一個(gè)例子,再來(lái)說(shuō)明我們的觀點(diǎn): “The first time we see Darth Vader doing more than heavy breathing in Star Wars (1977), he’s strangling a man to death. A few scenes later, he’s blowing up a planet. He kills his subordinates, chokes people with his mind, does all kinds of things a good guy would never do. But then the nature of a bad guy is that he does things a good guy would never do. Good guys don’t just fight for personal gain: they fight for what’s right – their values.” 先寫(xiě)《星戰(zhàn)》中反面角色的所作所為,然后說(shuō)明作者的觀點(diǎn):在故事中,人們認(rèn)為壞人會(huì)做一些好人不會(huì)做的事,好人為其價(jià)值觀而生。而在另一些文章中,作者往往會(huì)回顧一些學(xué)者的研究,或者一段歷史時(shí)間里的事件(Historical review)。 還有一些文章,會(huì)采用“從大到小”的寫(xiě)法(From the General to the Specific)。比如,先寫(xiě)人類(lèi)有自私的問(wèn)題,再引出人類(lèi)不關(guān)心環(huán)境,造成污染。今天,向大家介紹幾種引言的寫(xiě)法,并提供實(shí)例: 1. 引用某人某言 Quotation 原文標(biāo)題:Would the world be more peaceful if there were more women leaders? 原文鏈接:https:///ideas/would-the-world-be-more-peaceful-if-there-were-more-women-leaders “Or, as her fellow peace activist Helena Swanwick wrote: the shared fear that in war ‘women die, and see their babies die, but theirs is no glory; nothing but horror and shame unspeakable’.” 這篇文章的主要觀點(diǎn)是:如果有更多女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,是不是世界會(huì)更和平。因此,作者開(kāi)頭先引用了一位女性和平運(yùn)動(dòng)家的話語(yǔ);然后,引出一個(gè)許多活動(dòng)家們都支持的觀點(diǎn):女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會(huì)帶來(lái)和平。 2. 以小說(shuō)大 From the Specific to the General 原文標(biāo)題:What’s the best option? 原文鏈接:https:///essays/attempts-to-choose-the-best-life-may-be-doomed-to-failure “After all, most parents genuinely want what is best for their children – they just have different conceptions of what that requires.” 這篇文章的作者主要寫(xiě)邏輯學(xué)中如何比較好壞。開(kāi)頭,作者說(shuō):家長(zhǎng)們都希望小孩子做最好的選擇,但是對(duì)何為“最好”(邏輯學(xué)中“最好”的要求)一點(diǎn)兒也不清楚。開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)一個(gè)小小的、具體的情況,一方面能吸引讀者關(guān)心這篇文章的話題,一方面也能讓讀者明白抽象問(wèn)題的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 3. 提問(wèn)題 Question 原文標(biāo)題:Why we love tyrants? 原文鏈接:https:///essays/the-omnipotent-victim-how-tyrants-work-up-a-crowds-devotion “Why have people welcomed tyrannical, authoritarian leaders time after time?” 這篇文章中,作者想解釋獨(dú)裁者為什么受歡迎。于是,開(kāi)頭就提出這個(gè)問(wèn)題。雖然作者沒(méi)有直接給出答案,但是讀者已經(jīng)清楚地知道文章要討論的話題了。因此,這種開(kāi)頭非常直接省力。當(dāng)然,也可以和上面各種方法結(jié)合起來(lái),一同使用。 4. 直接表達(dá)觀點(diǎn) Statement of thesis 原文標(biāo)題:Our dreams have many purposes, changing across the lifespan 原文鏈接:https:///ideas/our-dreams-have-many-purposes-changing-across-the-lifespan “Although radically different in terms of their content and feel, the range of dream states are just as complex as waking states.” 這篇文章介紹夢(mèng)的各種用途。開(kāi)頭,作者就說(shuō)夢(mèng),除了內(nèi)容和感覺(jué)上的不同,也可以被系統(tǒng)地分類(lèi)。于是,作者接著說(shuō),童年、成年的夢(mèng)不同;年輕人、年老者的夢(mèng)不同;男女之夢(mèng)也有別。 |
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來(lái)自: 萌糍粑 > 《論文寫(xiě)作》