深度 | 腦機(jī)接口專利分析報(bào)告

前言導(dǎo)讀

根據(jù)Value Reports的報(bào)告，2027年，全球腦機(jī)接口的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模約230億人民幣，年復(fù)合增長(zhǎng)率約13%。據(jù)臻泰智能介紹，盡管我國(guó)腦機(jī)接口純?cè)O(shè)備的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模不足百億人民幣，但在使用場(chǎng)景中與具體產(chǎn)業(yè)（如老齡化、心理疾病等）的結(jié)合具有明顯的放大效應(yīng)，未來(lái)可能達(dá)到千億規(guī)模。

技術(shù)根源

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的，對(duì)于腦機(jī)接口而言，其技術(shù)根源還是在于“大腦”。

對(duì)于我們?nèi)祟惗裕娝苤模竽X中有 860 億個(gè)神經(jīng)元，神經(jīng)元用于發(fā)送和接收信息。盡管神經(jīng)元有許多不同的類型，但它們通常由三部分組成：接收信號(hào)的樹(shù)突、計(jì)算信號(hào)的細(xì)胞體和發(fā)出信號(hào)的軸突。

神經(jīng)元通過(guò)突觸連接，大腦的神經(jīng)元通過(guò)稱為突觸的軸突-樹(shù)突相互連接以發(fā)送和接收信號(hào)，比如饑餓信號(hào)或者是能量補(bǔ)給信號(hào)，神經(jīng)元通過(guò)電信號(hào)進(jìn)行交流，動(dòng)作電位導(dǎo)致突觸釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)，這些小分子與樹(shù)突上的受體結(jié)合，打開(kāi)導(dǎo)致電流流過(guò)神經(jīng)元膜的通道，當(dāng)神經(jīng)元接收到時(shí)空突觸輸入的“正確”組合時(shí)，它會(huì)啟動(dòng)動(dòng)作電位。

基本原理

我們通常所認(rèn)為的腦機(jī)接口是利用中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的信號(hào)，在不依賴外周神經(jīng)或肌肉的條件下，把用戶或被試的感知覺(jué)、表象、認(rèn)知和思維等直接轉(zhuǎn) 化為動(dòng)作，在大腦與外部設(shè)備之間建立直接的交流和控制通道。

腦機(jī)接口的基本原理是利用無(wú)創(chuàng)的腦電（EEG）、功能磁共振（f MRI）、功能近紅外（f NIRS）、腦磁（MEG）或有創(chuàng)的皮層腦電（ECo G）、微電極陣列（MEA）等腦信號(hào)獲取技術(shù)，采集并解碼大腦活動(dòng)信號(hào)，然后轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的指令控制外部設(shè)備。

腦機(jī)接口原理示意圖

發(fā)展脈絡(luò)

1929年：Hans Berger 教授首次發(fā)現(xiàn)腦電波，人們就推測(cè)它可能用于交流和控制，至此，針對(duì)腦機(jī)接口技術(shù)的研究正式開(kāi)始。

1935年：哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的 Frederic Gibbs、Hallowell Davis 和 William Lennox 報(bào)告了使用 EEG 來(lái)改善癲癇癥的可能性。

1952年：西班牙神經(jīng)科學(xué)家 José M Delgado 開(kāi)始將配備無(wú)線電的電極陣列植入動(dòng)物和人類體內(nèi)。

1970年：美國(guó)國(guó)防高級(jí)研究計(jì)劃局啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)利用 EEG 探索大腦通信的計(jì)劃。

1973年：加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的 Jacques Vidal 教授創(chuàng)造了“腦機(jī)接口”一詞，并提出了腦

機(jī)接口項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)，以分析 EEG 信號(hào)。

1987年：美國(guó)科學(xué)家Phillip Kennedy通過(guò)將神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)錐電極植入猴子體內(nèi)，構(gòu)建了第一個(gè)皮質(zhì)內(nèi)腦機(jī)接口。

1997年：美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局批準(zhǔn) DBS 用于治療特發(fā)性震顫和帕金森病（隨后于 2003 年批準(zhǔn)用于治療肌張力障礙和 2018 年用于癲癇）。

1999年：召開(kāi)的第一屆腦機(jī)接口國(guó)際研討會(huì)首次給腦機(jī)接口明確的定義。

步入21世紀(jì)以后，人們對(duì)腦機(jī)接口的興趣與日俱增，各類研究機(jī)構(gòu)和公司紛紛投入此項(xiàng)研究。基于篇幅有限，對(duì)于21世紀(jì)后腦機(jī)接口的相關(guān)發(fā)展脈絡(luò)不在本文中展示，感興趣的讀者可以與筆者取得聯(lián)系，共同交流學(xué)習(xí)。

專利分析

專利基礎(chǔ)信息

腦機(jī)接口專利公開(kāi)趨勢(shì)

明星產(chǎn)品與專利

公開(kāi)/公告號(hào)	US20210007602A1	申請(qǐng)日	2020-07-10
發(fā)明名稱	Brain implant with subcutaneous wireless relay and external wearable communication and power device
解決的技術(shù)問(wèn)題	Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold tremendous promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and the treatment of neurological disorders. Most of these applications require fine scale communication—at the level of individual neurons—with large numbers of neurons across multiple brain areas. There are not yet any clinically translatable approaches for achieving this level of brain interfacing.
技術(shù)方案	A brain-machine interface (BMI) is described in which many flexible electrodes for implanting within a subject's brain run to a cylindrical sensor device configured to fit inside a burr hole in the cranium. The devices contain sealed electronics that convert analog neural voltages to digital signals, or vice versa, and connects through a serial cable to a subcutaneous relay on the mastoid region (behind the subject's ear) or other suitable location. The relay draws power from and communicates with an externally worn device and distributes the power to the devices. The externally worn device communicates wirelessly or through a tether to a base station computer for data analysis and/or stimulation.
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公開(kāi)/公告號(hào)	US9539118B2	申請(qǐng)日	2013-03-15
發(fā)明名稱	Brain-controlled body movement assistance devices and methods
解決的技術(shù)問(wèn)題	Patients who have experienced a brain injury (e.g., stroke, trauma, infection, hemorrhage, neonatal malformation, cerebral palsy, or neurodegenerative) typically undergo some type of rehabilitation in an attempt to restore or strengthen the motor impaired or paralyzed side of the body, often using a variety of rehabilitation devices that aid in the rehabilitation effort. Often, the rehabilitation method involves equipment that requires the patient, in order to perform the necessary rehabilitation activities, to be at a particular location such as a rehabilitation facility where the equipment is located.
技術(shù)方案	Methods, devices, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for brain-controlled body movement assistance devices. In one aspect, a device includes a brain-controlled body movement assistance device with a brain-computer interface (BCI) component adapted to be mounted to a user, a body movement assistance component operably connected to the BCI component and adapted to be worn by the user, and a feedback mechanism provided in connection with at least one of the BCI component and the body movement assistance component, the feedback mechanism being configured to output information relating to a usage session of the brain-controlled body movement assistance device.
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公開(kāi)/公告號(hào)	US20210342004A1	申請(qǐng)日	2021-07-19
發(fā)明名稱	Systems and methods for generic control using a neural signal
解決的技術(shù)問(wèn)題	Currently for brain computer interfaces (BCIs), users are asked to either perform a task-relevant mental task to perform a given target task (e.g., try moving a cursor when the target task is to move a cursor) or are asked to perform a task-irrelevant mental task to perform a given target task (e.g., try moving your hand to move a cursor to the right). Furthermore, current BCIs only allow users to use the thought (e.g., the task-relevant mental task or the task-irrelevant mental task) to control a pre-defined target task that is set by the researcher. This disclosure describes novel methods and systems that prepare and allow BCI users to utilize a given task-irrelevant thought to independently control a variety of end-applications, including software and devices.
技術(shù)方案	Universal switch modules, universal switches, and methods of using the same are disclosed, including methods of preparing an individual to interface with an electronic device or software. For example, a method is disclosed that can include measuring brain-related signals of the individual to obtain a first sensed brain-related signal when the individual generates a task-irrelevant thought. The method can include transmitting the first sensed brain-related signal to a processing unit. The method can include associating the task-irrelevant thought and the first sensed brain-related signal with N input commands. The method can include compiling the task-irrelevant thought, the first sensed brain-related signal, and the N input commands to an electronic database.
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