乳腺癌女性與普通女性相比,被認為容易發生第二癌,包括新的原發乳腺癌以及其他部位的原發癌。第二癌的風險和類型,可能受到首發乳腺癌治療方法以及人口統計學特征、生活方式和遺傳因素(包括可能導致首發乳腺癌的因素)的影響。既往關于第二癌的許多研究往往基于單一機構經驗,而其他研究則基于人群。然而,大多數既往研究的規模或持續時間不足以分析這些長期風險的特征或評定患者特征、首發乳腺癌與第二癌風險的關聯。乳腺癌康復者和臨床醫師需要了解第二癌的長期絕對風險,并考慮患者、腫瘤和治療相關因素。 2025年8月27日,國際四大醫學期刊之一、創刊于1840年的英國醫學會官方期刊《英國醫學雜志》在線發表牛津大學、埃克塞特大學、英格蘭全國疾病登記中心的研究報告,對1993年至2016年英格蘭47.6萬例確診早期乳腺浸潤癌女性患者初次手術后發生第二癌的長期風險進行分析。 該人群隊列觀察研究對英格蘭全國癌癥登記分析中心定期收集的數據進行篩選,其中1993年1月至2016年12月英格蘭登記首發乳腺浸潤癌術后年齡20至75歲女性共計47萬6373例,隨訪數據截至2021年10月。主要結局衡量指標包括:與普通人群相比,第二癌(對側原發乳腺癌和非乳腺第二原發癌)發生率和累積風險,與患者特征、首發腫瘤特征和術后治療方法的相關性。 結果發現,雖然6萬4747例女性發生第二癌,但是與普通人群相比,20年累計風險絕對值相差不大: 不過,年輕女性與老年女性相比,對側乳腺癌累計風險絕對值相差較大。 對于不同類型的非乳腺癌癥,乳腺癌女性與普通人群相比,20年累計風險絕對值相差最大的是子宮癌和肺癌。乳腺癌女性與普通人群相比,雖然子宮癌、軟組織癌、骨關節癌、唾液腺癌和急性白血病的標準化發病率高1.5倍,但是各種非乳腺癌癥類型20年累計風險絕對值相差都小于1%。 根據術后治療對患者進行分類時,放療后對側乳腺癌和肺癌風險略增加,內分泌治療后子宮癌風險略增加、對側乳腺癌風險略減少,化療后急性白血病風險略增加。這些與隨機對照研究報告結果一致,后者還發現與軟組織癌、頭頸癌、卵巢癌和胃癌的相關性,而既往研究并未觀察到這些相關性。這表明,該隊列全部6萬4747例第二癌大約僅有2%可能歸因于術后治療,與普通人群相比多出來的1萬5813例第二癌大約僅有7%可能歸因于術后治療,而且術后治療獲益大于風險。 因此,該研究結果表明,1993年1月至2016年12月英格蘭早期乳腺浸潤癌治療后女性與普通女性相比,20年第二癌累計風險略高。對側乳腺癌大約占總風險增加的60%,而且年輕女性風險增加較高。術后治療相關風險較低。 對此,英國癌癥患者獨立之聲組織和牛津大學納菲爾德人口健康系發表同期觀點:患者需要了解早期乳腺癌后第二癌風險。早期乳腺癌患者常常擔心治療后發生第二癌的風險。自從確診并且治療以后,患者既擔心將來乳腺癌轉移的風險,又擔心乳腺癌病史和治療相關疾病的風險,希望臨床醫師能夠提供更多關于這些風險的詳細信息。查找關于乳腺癌后發生第二癌風險的詳細信息尤其困難,患者從與親朋好友的交流得知,許多人認為確診乳腺癌意味著患者可能容易發生其他癌癥。現在我們知道,事實并非如此。當患者首次被確診乳腺癌時,最關心的就是生存。隨著時間的推移,發生第二癌的可能性開始讓患者更加擔心。經驗表明,許多乳腺癌患者認為自己發生第二癌的風險比實際高得多。因此,當網絡媒體雖然提供關于第二癌的信息,但是并未解釋其風險時,患者可能更擔心。本研究結果表明,第二癌的風險非常低,這讓患者感到安心,值得廣泛分享。該研究還表明內分泌治療的重要性,有助于治療原發癌并降低再次發生乳腺癌的風險。乳腺癌患者在經歷治療后,希望了解治療的獲益,該研究有助于正確看待治療的長期風險;例如,患者通常認為放療增加肺癌的風險,但是實際上該風險增加不到1%。如果現在建議患者接受放療或藥物治療早期乳腺癌,可以提供將來發生第二癌風險的具體數據,讓患者可以立即接受所需的治療,因為將來可能導致其他癌癥的風險很低。一般而言,治療保護患者避免乳腺癌復發的獲益遠遠超過潛在的負面影響。與患者討論術后治療時,臨床醫師應該提供此類信息。對于患者處于人生最艱難的時期之一,相信該研究結果應該可以給予一些安慰,此時有很多知識需要消化,雖然并非每位患者都想了解全部細節,但是這些信息應該提供給那些想要了解以及之后尋求幫助的患者。風險信息應該隨時可以獲取,有助于患者規劃生活,并提前思考未來。 BMJ. 2025 Aug 27;390:e083975. IF: 42.7 Second cancers in 475000 women with early invasive breast cancer diagnosed in England during 1993-2016: population based observational cohort study. McGale P, Dodwell D, Challenger A, Cutter D, Williams A, Broggio J, Darby S, Mannu G, Taylor C.Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; National Disease Registration Service (NDRS), NHS England, Birmingham, UK. OBJECTIVE: To describe long term risks of second non-breast primary cancers and contralateral breast cancers among women with early invasive breast cancer after primary surgery. DESIGN: Population based observational cohort study. SETTING: Routinely collected data from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service for England. PARTICIPANTS: All 476373 women with breast cancer as their first invasive (index) cancer registered in England from January 1993 to December 2016 with follow-up until October 2021. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates and cumulative risks of subsequent primary cancers, compared with those occurring in the general population; associations with characteristics of patients, index tumours, and adjuvant treatments. RESULTS: Although 64747 women developed a second primary cancer, the absolute excess risks compared with risks in the general population were small. By 20 years, 13.6% (95% confidence interval 13.5% to 13.7%) of women had developed a non-breast cancer, 2.1% (2.0% to 2.3%) more than expected in the general population, and 5.6% (5.5% to 5.6%) had developed a contralateral breast cancer, 3.1% (3.0% to 3.2%) more than expected. The absolute excess risk of contralateral breast cancer was greater in younger than in older women. Among specific types of non-breast cancer, the largest 20 year absolute excess risks were for uterine and lung cancers. Although for cancers of the uterus, soft tissue, bones and joints, and salivary glands, as well as acute leukaemias, standardised incidence ratios exceeded those of the general population by a factor of at least 1.5, absolute excess risks at 20 years were <1% for every individual non-breast cancer type. When patients were categorised according to adjuvant treatment, radiotherapy was associated with increased contralateral breast and lung cancer, endocrine therapy with increased uterine cancer (but reduced contralateral breast cancer), and chemotherapy with increased acute leukaemia. These were consistent with effects reported in randomised trials, but positive associations for soft tissue, head and neck, ovarian, and stomach cancers were also identified, and these have not previously been observed in trials. This suggested that approximately 2% of all the 64747 second cancers and 7% of the 15813 excess second cancers in the cohort may be attributable to adjuvant therapies. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of a second primary cancer in women treated for early invasive breast cancer is slightly higher than for women in the general population. Contralateral breast cancer accounts for around 60% of the overall increase, with higher risks in younger women. The risk associated with adjuvant therapies is small. PMID: 40865997 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2024-083975 BMJ. 2025 Aug 27;390:r1584. IF: 42.7 Patients need information on the risk of second cancer after early breast cancer. MacKenzie M, Stobart H, Dodwell D, Taylor C. Independent Cancer Patients' Voice (ICPV), London, UK; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. PMID: 40866002
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.r1584
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