|
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（一） II． 例題（一） 形容詞和副詞 I． 要點(diǎn) A． 形容詞 1、 形容詞的用法 形容詞是用來(lái)修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí)還可作狀語(yǔ)。如： He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting. 某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city. The English like to be with their families. 多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞的順序： 冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)（描述性）+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞。如： the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers. 2、 形容詞比較等級(jí)的形式 （1） 規(guī)則形式 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er; --est 來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)；其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more, most.如： great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest important-more important-(the)most important （2） 不規(guī)則形式 good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least （3） 形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法 ①表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級(jí)+than. 如： He is cleverer than the other boys. This one is more beautiful than that one. ②表示兩者以上的比較，用"the +形容詞最高級(jí)（+名詞）+of(in) …"如： He is the cleverest boy in his class. ③表示兩者是同等程度，用"as +形容詞原級(jí)+as". 如： He is as tall as I. I have as many books as you. ④ 越… 越… 例如：The more I learn, the happier I am. ⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好 又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過(guò)分。 ⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。 I have never had a better dinner. 這是我吃過(guò)的最好的一頓飯。 ⑦ My English is no better than yours. 我的英語(yǔ)和你的英語(yǔ)都不怎么樣。 B．副詞 1、 副詞的種類 （1） 時(shí)間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等 （2） 地點(diǎn)副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。 （3） 方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。 （4） 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。 2、 副詞比較等級(jí)的用法 其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如： Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully. We must work harder. 3、 某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別 （1） already, yet, still already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事發(fā)生，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句；still表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如： We've already watched that film. I haven't finished my homework yet. He still works until late every night. （2） too, as well, also, either too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，too和as well多用于口語(yǔ)，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語(yǔ)，一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too. He didn't go there either. I like you as well. I also went there. (3) hard, hardly hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如： I work hard every day. I can hardly remember that. (4) late, lately lately意為"最近、近來(lái)"，late意為"晚、遲"。如： He never comes late. Have you been to the museum lately? 例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____ A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall 解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。 例2 ____ the worse I seem to be. A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More medicine taken 解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級(jí)+… , the +形容詞比較級(jí)+…"意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。 例3"I haven't been to London yet". "I haven't been there ____". A too B also C either D neither 解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否定句中，意為"也"。 例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news. A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply 解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用于副詞時(shí)，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B(niǎo)-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。 （二） 介詞 I． 要點(diǎn) 1、介詞和種類 （1） 簡(jiǎn)單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。 （2） 復(fù)合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。 2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系 （1） 和動(dòng)詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。 （2） 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at （3） 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等. 3、介詞短語(yǔ)可以有自己的修飾語(yǔ)，這種修飾語(yǔ)通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如： He came right after dinner. He lives directly opposite the school. 4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例 （1） at, on, in（表時(shí)間） 表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。 指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。 指長(zhǎng)于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。 （2） between, among（表位置） between僅用于二者之間，但說(shuō)三者或三者以上中的每?jī)蓚€(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)，也用between, 如 I'm sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills. among用于三者或三者以上之間。如： He is the best among the students. （3） beside, besides beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如： He sat beside me. What do you want besides this? （4）in the tree, on the tree in the tree 指動(dòng)物或人在樹(shù)上，而on the tree 指果實(shí)、樹(shù)葉長(zhǎng)在樹(shù)上 （5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道 by the way 指順便問(wèn)一句 in this way 用這樣的方法 （6）in the corner, at the corner in the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外 （7）in the morning, on the morning in the morning 是一般說(shuō)法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨 （8）by bus, on the bus by bus 是一般說(shuō)法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車 II． 例題 例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English? A except B but C beside D besides 解析：A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在…旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了…之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語(yǔ)外，你還知道別的語(yǔ)言嗎？ 例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during 解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語(yǔ)，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來(lái)修飾，故該題正確答案為A。 例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter. A to B in C at D on 解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。 （三） 連詞 I． 要點(diǎn) 1、 連詞的種類 （1） 并列連詞用來(lái)連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。 （2） 從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。 除了從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句）外，還有其它可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞（引導(dǎo)名詞性從句），關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞（引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句）。 2、 常用連詞舉例 (1)and 和，并且 They drank and sang all night. (2) both…and 和， 既…也… Both my parents and I went there. (3) but 但是，而 I'm sad, but he is happy. (4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么… Either you're wrong, or I am. (5) for因?yàn)?/p> I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him. (6) however 然而，可是 Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go. (7) neither…nor 既不…也不 Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you. (8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且… He not only sings well, but also dances well. (9) or 或者，否則 Hurry up, or you'll be late. Are you a worker or a doctor? (10) so 因此，所以 It's getting late, so I must go. (11) although 雖然 Although it was late, they went on working. (12) as soon as 一 …就 I'll tell him as soon as I see him. (13) because 因?yàn)?/p> He didn't go to school, because he was ill. （14）unless 除非，如果不 I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow. （15）until 直到… He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not… until 結(jié)構(gòu)) He stayed there until eleven. （16）while 當(dāng)…時(shí)候，而 (表示對(duì)比) While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞) My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因?yàn)?/p> He was ill, for he didn't come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來(lái)的) （18）since自從… I have lived here since my uncle left. （19）hardly… when 一… 就 I had hardly got to the station when the train left. （20）as far as 就… 來(lái)說(shuō) As far as I know, that country is very small. You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II． 例題 例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David. A as well B as well as C so well D so well as 解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B。 例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A when B where C which D while 解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。 例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise 解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（二） （四）動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài) I． 要點(diǎn) 1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) （1） 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school. （2） 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：The earth goes round the sun. 2、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (1) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now, at present等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： What are you doing now? (2) 和always, continually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常含有某種情感。如： He is always doing good deeds. 3、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing? 4、一般將來(lái)時(shí) 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如： I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning. We're going to see a film next Monday. 5、一般過(guò)去時(shí) 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago. 6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday? 7、 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如： The train had already left before we arrived. ８、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 表示說(shuō)話人從過(guò)去的角度來(lái)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： He said he would come, but he didn't. ９、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，以give為例。 時(shí)／式 一般 進(jìn)行 完成 現(xiàn)在 am is given are am is being are has been given have 過(guò)去 was given were was being given were had been given 將來(lái) shall be given will shall have been given will 過(guò)去將來(lái) should be given would should have been given would II．例題 例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950. A had died B died C dead D is dead 解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，但因從句中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in 1950, 所以不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。 例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents. A is looked B has looked for C is being looked for D has been looked 解析：該題正確答案為Ｃ。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，而不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中。 （五）動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣 I． 要點(diǎn) 表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語(yǔ)中。 １、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成 情景 條件從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 （be要用were） should +動(dòng)詞原形 would 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 had +過(guò)去分詞 should +have+過(guò)去分詞 would 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 １、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí) ２、should +動(dòng)詞原形 ３、were to +動(dòng)詞原形 should ＋動(dòng)詞原形 would 注：如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去, 但要倒裝。如： Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party. ２、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用 （１） 在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省) ＋動(dòng)詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。 句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that… 句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that… 句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that… 如： It is strange that he (should) have done that. It is a pity that he (should) be so careless. It is requested that we (should) be so careless. （２） 在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如： I suggest that we (should) go swimming. （３） 在表語(yǔ)從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如： His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once. （４） 在同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如： We received order that the work be done at once. （５） 在It is time that…句型中，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或 "should ＋動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如：It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school. II． 例題 例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer. A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay 解析：該題正確答案為Ｄ。had hoped表示"本希望"，同樣用法的動(dòng)詞還有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 例２ "Mary wants to see you today". "I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today." A comes B came C should come D will come 解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。would rather后面的從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)表示。 例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better. A had done B might have done C might do D would do 解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故該題正確答案為Ｂ。 （六）短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 I． 要點(diǎn) 英語(yǔ)中有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種： （１） 動(dòng)詞＋介詞 常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ook for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后。如： Don't laugh at others. I didn't care about it. （２） 動(dòng)詞＋副詞 常見(jiàn)的有g(shù)ive up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow. Please don't forget to hand it in. （３） 動(dòng)詞＋副詞＋介詞 常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ook down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如： All his money added up to no more than $100. After a short rest, he went on with his research work. （４） 動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞 常見(jiàn)的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting. We should make full use of our time. （５） 動(dòng)詞＋形容詞 常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)eave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞，則賓語(yǔ)可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如： The prisoners were set free. He cut it open. （６） 動(dòng)詞＋名詞 常見(jiàn)的有take place, make friends等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如： This story took place three years ago. I make friends with a lot of people. （7）辨析 give away(讓給，暴露) 和 give up（放棄，停止） put away（放起，收起） 和 put out （撲滅） turn up（出席，放大） 和 turn on （打開(kāi)） keep out（阻止） 和 keep off （不讓靠近） make up（編造，補(bǔ)上） 和 make out（辨認(rèn)） take off（脫，起飛） 和 take out（拿出） II． 例題 例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age. A put away B kept up C given away D laid up 解析：該題正確答案為Ａ。意為"存"；keep up意為"繼續(xù)"；give away意為"分發(fā)"；lay up"貯藏"。例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____. A touch B relation C connection D friendship 解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，意為"保持聯(lián)系"。 例３ ____! There's a train coming. A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on 解析：該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。 （七）動(dòng)詞不定式 I． 要點(diǎn) １、 不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞write為例。 式｜語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been written 進(jìn)行式 to be writing 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been writing ２、 不定式的句法功能 （１） 作主語(yǔ) To hear from you is nice. To be a good teacher is not easy. 不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而不定式置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。如：It's nice to hear from you. It's not easy to be a good teacher. （２） 作賓語(yǔ) 通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如：I forgot to lock the door. Please remember to write to me. （３） 作表語(yǔ) My job is to pick up letters. He seemed to have heard nothing. （４） 作定語(yǔ) 不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如： I have two letters to write. I have a lot of work to do. （５） 作賓補(bǔ) 通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞后。如： He ordered her to leave at once. He was forced to obey his order. （６） 作狀語(yǔ) He got up early to catch the first bus. He worked hard to catch up with the other students. （７） 作獨(dú)立成分 To tell you the truth, I told a lie. （８） "疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。 如： I don't know how to choose them. I cannot decide where to go. （9）不定式的否定式。如： I decided not to go. （10）不定式的完成式。如： He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in. The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week. （11）too…to 結(jié)構(gòu)。如： He was too excited to go to sleep. He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂(lè)意去) （12）主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如： The book is easy to read. I have a book to read. II．例題 例１ I haven't got a chair ____. A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting 解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞chair. 因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系"，所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，故此處on不能省略。 例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go 解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動(dòng)形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。 例3 A new factory is ____ very soon. A to be built B built C to build D to building 解析：該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。 （八）動(dòng)名詞 I． 要點(diǎn) 動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。 １、 動(dòng)名詞的形式，以write為例。 式 | 語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 否定式 not +動(dòng)名詞 ２、 動(dòng)名詞的用法 （１） 作主語(yǔ) Playing football is my favorite sport. Travelling with friends at weekend is fun. 作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長(zhǎng)時(shí)，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)。如： It is fun travelling with friends at weekend. （２） 作賓語(yǔ) I enjoy playing PC game. He gave up writing five years ago. （３） 作表語(yǔ) What he hated most was doing nothing. Seeing is believing. 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)常是無(wú)生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。 （４） 作定語(yǔ) There's a dining room in my school. All the people watching laughed. （５） 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞（或名詞的所有格）+動(dòng)名詞"。如： Tom's going home late made her mother angry. Would you mind my opening the window? 不過(guò)，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)在遇到以下情況時(shí)，必須用名詞的普通格（或人稱代詞的賓格）。 ①無(wú)生命名詞 The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing. Fire burns better by oxygen being at work. ②有生命名詞，但表泛指。 Have you ever heard of girls smoking? ③兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。 Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day? 3．后面常接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ) mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine, keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit, be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing, can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing, look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing, devote to doing, lead to doing II．例題 例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you. A going B to go C for going D went 解析：該題正確答案為A。 feel like = want, 此處like 為介詞，后面要接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) 例２ The garden needs ____. A water B watering C to water D watered 解析：該題正確答案為B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主語(yǔ)，此三者后要接動(dòng)名詞或to be done這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)。 例３ Excuse me ____ you. A interrupting B to interrupt C interrupted D to have interrupted 解析：該題正確答案為A。excuse 后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，此句中的me為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)（常用于口語(yǔ)中）。 （九）分詞 I． 要點(diǎn) 分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩類。現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，過(guò)去分詞則只有一般式。現(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，表主動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表被動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞不及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表主動(dòng)。 過(guò)去分詞的句法功能： １、 作定語(yǔ) I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun. The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine. ２、 作表語(yǔ) When I came into the room, I found the window was broken. I'm interested in this book. ３、 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) I'm going to have my bike repaired. When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police. 4、作狀語(yǔ) Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students. 現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。 1、作狀語(yǔ) Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful. Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him. 2、作賓語(yǔ) I hate being spoken ill of. He considered visitingJapanduring the winter vocation. 3、作表語(yǔ) Seeing is believing. The book is interesting. 4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) I noticed him crossing the street. Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen. 5、作定語(yǔ) Do you know the man writing a letter? The worker running a machine is my brother. 分詞使用中的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題 1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式 Having cleaned the room, I went out. 2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式 Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried. 3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的不同 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、正在，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成 I found the man killed there. I found the man standing there. 4、have結(jié)構(gòu) We have the car repaired. We have repaired the car. We have Tom repair the car. We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning. 5、分詞作表語(yǔ) We were excited at the news. The football game is exciting. 6、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park. II． 例題 例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you. A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting 解析：該題答案為D。 Time permitting…是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，意為"如果時(shí)間允許的話…" 例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker. A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking 解析：該題答案為C。主語(yǔ)she是被問(wèn)。 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（三） （十）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞 I． 要點(diǎn) 助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)意義，在句中幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成一定的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣，或是幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問(wèn)句，常用的助動(dòng)詞有be, do, have, shall(should), will(would). 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表一定的詞義，本身并不表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，而僅僅表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度，它在句中須和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would. 1、can 能，可以，表說(shuō)話人同意，許可還可表客觀條件許可，如:You can go now. 提建議或請(qǐng)求時(shí)可用can I, can you表客氣，如Can I buy you a drink? can和be able to表能力時(shí)的區(qū)別。 can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定條件下的能力，如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened. 2、may （1）、可以，表說(shuō)話人同意，許可或請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可。You may go. （2）、（現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)）可能，也許，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right. 3、must, have to must表主觀上的必須，have to表客觀上的必須，如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must. (No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.) 4、need, dare這二詞有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩種詞性，如用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式to do，如用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.) 5、shall用于第一人稱疑問(wèn)句中表說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)求，如，Shall we begin our lesson? 用于二、三人稱陳述句，表說(shuō)話人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻，如: You shall fail if you don't work harder. 6、should表應(yīng)該，意為有責(zé)任，有義務(wù)。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful. 7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 "Will you lend me your book?" "Yes, I will."， 8、should have done表應(yīng)該做而未做 must have done表對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的肯定推測(cè) could have done表本可以做某事 9、判斷句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might He must be in the office now. He must have gone to bed, for the light is out. He can't be in the office. He is at home. He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today. He might be in the office, I am not sure. He might have cleaned the room, I suppose. II． 例題 例1，They _______ to walk in the street at might. A. didn't dare B. not dared C. not dare D. dared not 解析，該題答案為A， 此空需選一動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)，因?yàn)楹竺媸莟o walk, didn't dare是行為動(dòng)詞dare過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的否定形式。 例2，When he was very old, Mr. Smith _______ sit for hours without saying a word. A. would B. should C. must D. used 解析，該題答案為A, would此處表過(guò)去的傾向性，習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，意為"總是"如: When we were children, we would go swimming every summer. （十一）句子種類 I． 要點(diǎn) 句子按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句；按結(jié)構(gòu)又分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。 1、陳述句的否定 （1） 在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)的否定習(xí)慣上要移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，如: I don't think he is right. （2） 含有否定意義的副詞never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子應(yīng)視為否定句，如: I have never been there before. 2、反意疑問(wèn)句 （1） need和dare 既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，又可作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，在反問(wèn)部分須加以區(qū)別，如We needn't leave, need we? We don't need to leave, do we? （2） 陳述部分出現(xiàn)否定意義的副詞或代詞如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分須用肯定形式如：He seldom comes, does he? （3） 陳述部分用不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it? 陳述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分常用it，有時(shí)也用they，如:Everybody knows that, don't they? （4） 陳述部分包括used to 時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分可有兩種形式，如: You used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you? （5） 陳述部分是"there + be"結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分用there，如:There's something wrong with you, isn't there? （6） 陳述部分是含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)和主句保持一致，如: He never told others what he thought, did he? 但，如果是I think , I believe等 +賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分須和從句的動(dòng)詞保持一致，如，I don't think he is right, is he? I don't believe he does that, does he? 3、感嘆句 用what或how, What a beautiful park it is. How beautiful a park it is. How beautiful the park is. How we worked! 4、祈使句 Take care! Don't stand there. Please open the door for the old lady. II．例題 例1，Don't forget to post the letter, _______ ? A. will you B. do you C. won't you D. shall you 解析：該題答案為A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you? 例2，Let's go out for a walk, _______ ? A. will you B. won't you C. shall we D. do we 解析：該題答案為C，let's…后加上shall we來(lái)表語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣，而在let us后加上will you。 例3，He hardly writes to you, _______ ? A. doesn't he B. does he C. do they D. has he 解析：該題答案為B，hardly否定副詞，反問(wèn)部分要用肯定形式。 （十二）各種從句 I．要點(diǎn) 根據(jù)從句在句中的句法功能，從句可分為名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。 1、 名詞性從句 （1） 主語(yǔ)從句 What he wants is a piece of paper. It is believed that he can solve the problem. 注：主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 （2）賓語(yǔ)從句 I don't know how to solve the problem. Do you know where he lives? （3）表語(yǔ)從句 The problem is who can help me. This is why I came here. （4）同位語(yǔ)從句 I have no idea where he went. I heard the news that he would come. 同位語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等詞后，that在從句中不作任何成分。 2、定語(yǔ)從句 在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個(gè)主句的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。 （1）that指物時(shí)一般可與which互換，但在下列情況下，要用that而不用which。 a. 先行詞有all, everything等不定代詞時(shí)，如， Everything (that) he did is wrong. b. 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時(shí)，如， I'll read all the books (that) you lend me. c. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)， This is the first letter (that) the boy has written. d. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時(shí)，如 He is the very man (that) I'm looking for. e. 只用which的情況 在介詞后或在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中 This is the book about which we have talked a lot. The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting. f. where和when作關(guān)系副詞 This is the room where I worked. This is the room which I stayed in. I remembered the day when we lived there. I remembered the day that I spent there. g. as和which as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以 As you know, he is good at English. three of them 和three of which I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian. I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian. 3、狀語(yǔ)從句 在復(fù)合句中起狀語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句可分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、行為方式狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)等多種。 II． 例題 例1、 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business. A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when 解析：該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用，if不可以，此外if一般僅用于賓語(yǔ)從句。 例2、The way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong. A. where B. in that C.X D. with which 解析：該題答案為C，先行詞是way，定語(yǔ)從句中用that或 in which來(lái)引導(dǎo)或不填。 例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time. A．It was B. It is C. It had been D. It can be 解析：該題答案為B，It is +時(shí)間數(shù)+ since引導(dǎo)的從句是一個(gè)句型，意為"從…時(shí)候以來(lái)過(guò)了多久了。" （十三）主謂一致 I． 要點(diǎn) 謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，須和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致，主謂一致包括語(yǔ)法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。 1、語(yǔ)法上一致 （1）、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，如， To work hard is necessary for a student. （2）、用and或both……and連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如， Both he and I are right. 但并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. （3）、主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí)，盡管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)，如， The teacher as well as his students is excited. （4）、某些不定代詞，如做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如:Everyone has a book. （5）、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, cattle, clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，如，A lot of people are dancing outside. 2、意義上一致 （1）、表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)，如， Twenty years is not a long time. （2）、表示總稱意義的名詞public, police, cattle, clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如， People are talking about the accident. （3）、有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語(yǔ)，如作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如指其中每個(gè)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)，如， My family is a big one. My family are watching TV. 3、鄰近一致 用連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致，如， Either you or I am mad. II．例題 例1、 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949. A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built 解析：該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意思上是單數(shù)，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，類似的還有news, maths, politics, physics. 例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics. A. have B. has C. having D. gets 解析：該題答案為A。They each不等于each of …, each of 這個(gè)詞組作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)要隨each前面的詞來(lái)變化。 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（四） （十四）倒裝 I．要點(diǎn) 按"主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)"這種順序排列的句子是陳述語(yǔ)序，如果變?yōu)?quot;謂語(yǔ)（或謂語(yǔ)的一部分）+主語(yǔ)"，就是倒裝語(yǔ)序。 1、全部倒裝 （1）there be 句型 There is going to be a meeting. There is a book on the table. （2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副詞置于句首時(shí)，主謂倒裝，但如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序不倒裝，如，Here comes the bus. Here he comes. （3）直接引語(yǔ)的部分或全部位于句首時(shí)，有時(shí)也用倒裝，如， "What he said meant nothing", said the teacher. （4）為保持句子平衡，強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，使上下文緊密銜接時(shí)須完全倒裝，如，In front of the house sat a small boy. 2、部分倒裝 （1）so, neither, nor置于句首說(shuō)明與前者情況一致時(shí)，如， I like swimming, so does my brother. （2）only +狀語(yǔ)放在句首，如，Only through this method can we win. Only in this way can we do the work well. （3）含有否定意義的詞置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，如，Never had I heard that. Little did I know about this. （4）以often, so +形容詞或副詞開(kāi)頭的句子，如， So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it. （5）用于省略if的虛擬條件句中，將had, were, should提前，如， Were I you, I wouldn't do that. Had he come, we would have won. （6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如， May you be happy for ever. II．例題 例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it. A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……h(huán)e can repair C. he can run……h(huán)e can repair D. he can run……can he repair 解析：該題答案為B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒裝，but后面仍是正常語(yǔ)序。 例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）. A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond 解析：該題答案為B，在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，從屬連詞as可以表示though，但要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there. A. can you hope B. you can hope C. hope can D. you hope 解析：該題答案為A， only和它所修飾的狀語(yǔ)一起置于句首時(shí)，須用倒裝。 （十五）it 與there be的用法 I．要點(diǎn) 1、it的用法 （1）用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到的無(wú)生命的事物，動(dòng)植物、嬰兒及指示代詞this, that，如， I have a new pen. It is beautiful. The Browns have a new baby. It's cute. （2）用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、天氣、距離等，如，It's twelve o'clock now. It's fine today. （3）用作引導(dǎo)詞，代替由不定式，ing形式或從句表示的真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如， It's no good telling him that. It's necessary for you to do so. （4）用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中，構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句式：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who/whom +句子其余部分，可強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語(yǔ)以外的句子其他成分，如， It was this morning that I saw him in the street. It was I who saw him in the street this morning. It was in the street that I saw him this morning. It was him whom I saw in the street this morning. 2、there be句型 英語(yǔ)表示某時(shí)某處或某物時(shí)，常用there be句型，這是一種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如， There are a lot of students playing on the ground. There is going to be a test this afternoon. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上時(shí)，動(dòng)詞be常和最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)取得一致，如， There is a pen and three pencils in the pencil-box. There isn't a desk, a bench and three chairs in the room. There are lots of people like it, aren't there? there be句型，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除be之外，還可用其他表示存在，位置移動(dòng)等意義的不及物動(dòng)詞或詞組，如exist, stand, lie, enter, come, happen to be, appear to be等，如， There stands a house at the foot of the hill. there be句型表示"存在"而have表"有"、"擁有"，所以there be中 be不能換成have，但當(dāng)have表示事物的特征時(shí)，可用"主語(yǔ)+have"結(jié)構(gòu)替換there be 句型，如： There are five doors in the house. The house has five doors. there be 的其它句型： 1、There must be a meeting in the office. 2、There have been great changes since 1979. 3、There being no bus, we had to walk home. I． 例題 例１ ____ that he went to sleep. A It was until midnight B That was until midnight C It was not until midnight D That was not until midnight 解析：該題答案為C。強(qiáng)調(diào)until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要將否定詞not移到until前。又如：He didn't leave until twelve 改為It was not until twelve that he left. 例２ There are a lot of students ____ in the class room. A talk B talking C talked D to talk 解析：該題正確答案為B。 There be句型為倒裝句，可換為A lot of students are talking in the class room. 又如：There is a lot of noise heard out in the street. （十六）省略 I．要點(diǎn) 有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練緊湊，在不損害結(jié)構(gòu)或引起誤解的原則下，往往省去一個(gè)或多個(gè)句子成分或詞語(yǔ)。 １、 固定習(xí)慣用詞。如： No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。 2. 簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略 （１） 口語(yǔ)中，一、二、三人稱的主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)還包括謂語(yǔ)都可以省略。如：（It is）Nice to see you! (This is) Li Ming speaking. （２） 所有格后的名詞如為住宅、商店、工礦、教堂等可以省略。如： I'm going to visit Tom's (house). I met him at the tailor's (shop). （３） 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞不定式并列在一起時(shí)，第一個(gè)不定式帶to，后面的不定式可省to.如: His job is to clean and mend the machine. （４） 主（賓）語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中的to be常省略。He was considered (to be) the best student in the class. （５） There be結(jié)構(gòu)中 there be可同時(shí)省略，或只省略there.如：(Is there) Anything wrong? （６） 表示年齡的years old, 表示鐘點(diǎn)的o'clock, minute等常省略。如：What time is it now? It's ten (o'clock). 3從句中的省略 （１） 賓語(yǔ)從句，以which, when, where, how和why引起的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)與主句謂語(yǔ)如相同，可省略從句中全部謂語(yǔ)，甚至主語(yǔ)也可省略，僅保留wh－一詞。如： He will come, but we don't know when (he will come). He didn't come, I wondered why (he didn't come). （２） 定語(yǔ)從句中可省略作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞，如： The man (whom) I saw in the street the other day is my teacher. （３） 狀語(yǔ)從句，在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方式、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致，或從句主語(yǔ)是it，則be動(dòng)詞及其主語(yǔ)常可省略。如： I'll tell him that when (it is) possible. I won't go there unless (I'm) invited. II．例題 例１ A beam of light will not bend（彎曲）round corners unless____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device（反射裝置）。 A made B being made C having made D to be made 解析：該題正確答案為A。 unless后省略了it is. make sb (sth) do sth變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則為sth/ sb be made to do. 例２ While ____my homework, I heard a cry for help. A do B did C doing D having done 解析：該題答案為C。該空處省略了I'm,相當(dāng)于while I'm doing my home work.如：While playing guitar, he is singing. 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法習(xí)題檢測(cè) 1. He was a good swimmer so he ____ swim to the river bank when the boat sank. A. can B. might C. could be able to D. was able to 2． At the Christmas party Santa Claus (圣誕老人) ____ the presents under the tree. A. handed back B. handed out C. handed in D. handed to 3. Tears ____ the little match girl's eyes as she thought of her kind grandfather. A. ran down B. fell down C. came to D. rolled into 4. A child can't learn ____ without ____. A. to spell, helping B. spelling, helping C. spell, being helped D. spelling, being helped 5. Only one man had ever been elected President four times, ____ Franklin D. Roosevelt. A. for example B. such as C. the one of whom D. that is to say 6. ____, the medical team is made up of twelve doctors. A. Altogether B. Entirely C. Completely D. Wholly 7. ---- ____. ---- Have a good time. A. I've to see the doctor now B. It's time for dinner C. I went to the concert last night D. I'm going to a party now 8. The man lives in a ____ place. That is, he lives ____ from here. A. far away, far away B. faraway, faraway C. far away, faraway D. faraway, far away 9. The patient's progress was encouraging as he could ____ get out of bed without help. A. nearly B. only C. hardly D. badly 10. We have to set off right away, ____ we ? A. do B. don't C. have D. haven't 11. The street lights ____ on when night falls. A. will have turned B. will have been turning C. will be turned D. will be turning 12. " Well, in the translation, the word ____ a different meaning," said Miss Dianna. A. takes on B. takes up C. looks like D. has a look at 13. When he was through ____ he got up and left. A. to talk B. to be talked C. talking D. being talked 14. The town has ____ bridge. A. a fine old stone's B. an old fine stone's C. a fine old stone D. an old fine stones 15. I didn't buy the apples; he gave them to me ____ nothing. A. with B. for C. at D. by 16. ____ speak to me like that again. A. Never B. Not C. Not to D. Can't 17. Egypt is ____ the oldest countries in the world. A. one B. between C. among D. in the middle of 18. They fought ____ the end and won ____ the end. A. in, to B. to, in C. in, in D. to, to 19. I ____ three hours on the text and it will ____ me another hour for the grammar. A. have spent, take B. spend, need have C. take, spend D. need, take 20. The play put on by the students was quite different ____ you imagined. A. from what B. to that C. from which D. to which 21. Here ____ the worker and writer. A. comes to B. comes C. come D. are coming 22. Would you like to have ____ more bread? A. some B. any C. a few D. little 23. There will be few, if ____. A. some B. any C. much D. many 24. I have ____ things to do. I can't play ____. A. many, no more B. a lot of, any more C. much more, more D. much of, any more 25. I walked 50 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ____ far. A. that B. this C. such D. as 26. I am sorry I took your umbrella ____ mistake. A. with B. through C. for D. by 27. You can go where you like ____ you get back before dark. A. as well as B. as long as C. as soon as D. so as to 28. ____ we know, this is the best of its kind. A. Because B. When C. As far as D. That 29. There isn't any water ____ air on the moon. A. and B. or C. but D. both 30. It was not long ____ we climbed up the mountain. A. after B. before C. since D. until 31. The girl grew ____ age and wisdom. A. for B. in C. with D. by 32. The climate (氣候) in Beijing does not agree ____ me. A. on B. to C. with D. in 33. There's a police car in front of the department store. What do you suppose ____. A. is happened B. has happened C. would happen D. did happen 34. ____ better attention, the cabbages (洋白菜) could have grown better with the sun ____ them light. A. Given, gave B. Given, giving C. Giving, given D. Giving, giving 35. What is ____ next? A. to do B. to be done C. doing D. done 36. "A Dream of the Red Chamber" (紅樓夢(mèng)) is said ____ into dozens of languages in the last decade (十年). A. to have been translated B. to be translated C. to translate D. to have translated 37. Some scientists say that the need for fresh water ____ by the year 2000. A. will have doubled B. will be doubling C. be doubled D. has doubled 38. It ____ I had no money with me at the moment. A. is so happened that B. was so happened that C. so happened which D. so happened that 39. What does the weighing machine ____? A. express B. explain C. read D. write 40. Over a hundred boys came to ____ out for the football team. A. go B. run C. try D. make 41. There are ____ boys than girls in our class. A. much more B. many more C. many D. a lot many 42. His health is ____. A. as poor, if not poorer than, his sister B. as poor as his sister's if not poor C. as poor as, if not poorer than, his sister's D. as poor, if not poorer than his sister's 43. The trees can ____ part of the heat from the sun. A. keep up B. keep on C. keep out D. keep up with 44. ____ hearing the news, we jumped ____ joy. A. On, with B. In, to C. At, in D. For, with 45. The hot weather will ____ another month, I think. A. go on with B. go on for C. get on with D. go on to 46. When I was at school, I ____ to the library every afternoon. A. has gone B. went C. was going D. had been going 47. " Do you go to school?" " ____." A. No, I go home B. Yes, I am C. No, I work D. No, I cycle 48. " Shall I keep the book or pass it on to Jack?" " ____, please." A. Yes, you shall B. No, you mustn't C. Yes, please keep it D. Pass it on to Jack 49. These photographs will show you ____. A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 50. Please explain ____. A. me the sentence B. the sentence to me C. me to the sentence D. the sentence for me 答案： 1-5 DBCDD 6-10 ADDAB 11-15 CACCB 16-20 ACBAA 21-25 BABBA 26-30 DBCBB 31-35 CCBBB 36-40 AADCC 41-45 BCCAB 46-50 BCDBB |
|
|
