§168 end/ finish/ stop
Ⅰ. ▲ end 指動作過程終止。 finish指動作已完成,再沒有動作做。 stop 側重動作的停止,即由“動”到“不動”。如: Everything ended. 一切都結束了。 Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了嗎? He stoppedreading to have a rest. 他停止閱讀,休息了一會兒。 §169 enjoy/ like/ love/ prefer 這四個詞都有喜歡之意,但用法不同。 Ⅰ.like意為“喜歡、愛好”,語氣較弱,其后可跟名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞等作賓語。like也跟復合賓語,賓語補足語常用動詞不定式,即like sb. to do sth. “喜歡某人做某事”。如: ① In England many people like fish and chips. 在英國,許多人喜歡魚和油煎土豆條。 ② He likes playing volleyball. 他愛打排球。 ③ I don’t like to eat pears now. 現在我不想吃梨。 Ⅱ.love意為“愛,愛好”,在感情上比like強烈,經常用于愛祖國、愛父母這一類程度比較深的情況,在口語中它往往僅指一般的喜愛,這樣用時和like的意思相近,可以互換,后面可以跟名詞、動名詞或動詞不定式。如: We love our Party. 我們熱愛我們的黨。 I love to skate. 我喜歡滑冰。(可用like替換) They love playing table tennis. 他們愛打乒乓球。(可用like替換) Ⅲ.enjoy意為“喜歡、欣賞”之意;有“樂于;享受。。。。。。之樂趣”的意思,其后跟名詞、代詞、動名詞作賓語,不接不定式形式。另外enjoy oneself 是“玩得愉快”之意,相當于have a good time,如: Many old people enjoy living in a village. 許多老年人喜歡在鄉村居住。 Did you injoy yourself in the park yesterday? 昨天你在公園玩得痛快嗎? Ⅳ.prefer為“更喜歡、寧愿”之意。常用于兩者之間的選擇,其后可跟名詞、代詞、動名詞和不定式,也可跟賓語從句,但賓語從句要用虛擬語氣。prefer還可以與介詞to連用,表示“喜歡。。。。。。。,而不喜歡。。。。。。”。其中to為介詞,后跟名詞或動名詞。Prefer to do…rather then do…意為“喜歡。。。。。。,不喜歡。。。。。。”。如: Li Lei likes Chinese , but I prefer English. 李雷喜歡語文,而我更喜歡英語。 Mr Green prefers walking to riding a bike. 格林先生喜歡步行而不愿騎車。 Which would you prefer, tea or coffee? 你比較喜歡喝茶,還是咖啡? He prefers to write her some letters rather then telephone her. 他喜歡給她寫信,不愿給她打電話。 總結:rather than“寧可;是。。。。。。而不是。。。。。。”,連接各種并列成份,在語氣上肯定前面否定后面。也可寫成would…rather than;rather than…would…,相當于instead of,如: He ran rather than walked. 他跑步而不是步行。 They lost fame rather than wealth. 他們失去的不是財富,而是名譽。 He would die rather than give in.=Rather than give in he would die. 他寧死不屈。 These shose are comfortable rather than pretty. 這雙鞋不好看但穿起來很舒服。 She would rather be poor than do that. 她寧愿受窮也不愿那樣做。 §170 enter/ enter into Ⅰ.enter. “進入”表進入一個具體處所,如房間、場所等,后面無需加介詞; 也可表“進入”某個時期或階段;當表示加入某個組織而成為其成員時, enter相當于join.如: ① She entered the house.她走進那間屋子。(不用into) ② China is entering a new stage of development.中國正在進入一個新的發展階段。 Ⅱ.enter into. “進入、參加、開始從事”,后加抽象名詞,主要表示“進入”某種狀態。一般用于表抽象和借喻的意義。 Tom’s accident didn’t enter into our plan. Tom的事故是我們的計劃中沒有預料到的。 §171 error/ mistake/ fault Ⅰ.error的意思是錯誤、過失,指背離某種準則的偏差,表示精確、不正確、不對。在本組詞中,這個詞用得最廣泛。例如: This is an error in grammar. 這是一個語法上的錯誤。 He made an error in opinion. 你的意見有錯誤。 Ⅱ. mistake “錯誤”, 指由于粗心、疏忽、缺乏正確的理解等原因而造成的“錯誤”。與error可通用,但在某些固定詞組中不能換用。如: by mistake. In error 等。如: You have made a mistake in your spelling. 你在拼寫上弄錯了。 I took his umbrella by mistake. 我拿錯了他的傘。 Ⅲ. fault“缺點、毛病”也可表“過失、過錯”含有當事人對造成的過錯有責任的意味。如: With all his faults , he is still a good comrade. 盡管他有缺點,分還是一個好同志。 §172 even if / even though/ though 三者都可以引導讓步狀語從句。Even if 與even though一般可以換用,意為“即使、縱然”,引出的從句敘述的是假設或把握我大的事情,有時動詞可用虛擬語氣;though 意思是“雖然”,引出的從句敘述的是事實。如: He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 雖然他知道這個消息但他不愿意告訴我。(他是肯定知道的) He won’t tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道這個消息,但他不愿意告訴我。(他對消息或知或我知,句子含有一定的推測意味) I will try even if I may fail. 即使失敗,我也要嘗試一下。 Though it was very late, he went on working. 雖然很晚了,他還繼續工作。 [注] though 和but 不能同時出現在句中。 §173 evening/ night Ⅰ.evening的意思是“傍晚、晚上”,指從晚餐至就寢這段時間,如: I must start by tomorrow evening. 我至遲到明天傍晚必須動身。 We have a film every Saturday evening. 我們每星期六晚上都有電影。 Ⅱ.night的意思是“夜、夜里、晚上”,指從日落到日出或從黃昏到拂曉這段時間。如: They spent the night in the forest. 他們在森林里過夜。 We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我們夜里睡覺,白天工作。 We saw the play on the first night. 這戲第一晚上演我們就看了。 §174 every day/ everyday Ⅰ.every day連寫和分開,不但在句中的作用不同,意義也不同。 every day是副詞詞組,意為“每天、天天”,在句中作狀語。如: We go to school every day. Ⅱ.everyday是形容詞,意為“日常的、普通的”,在句中作定語。如: I study everyday English every day. §175 every one/ everyone Ⅰ.every one是“每個”的意思,通常指物,后面常跟of短語。但跟of短語的every one既可指人,也可指物。具體指什么要看of短語的內容。如: He ate up every one of those apples. 他把那些蘋果一個個都吃完了。 Every one of us went there. 我們每個人都去了那兒。 Ⅱ.everyone是代詞(=everybody),意思是“每個人、人人”,但一般不指具體哪個人,后接單數動詞。如果需要跟物主代詞,應用their或his,其后不跟of引起的介詞短語。如: Is everyone here? Everyone can do it. [注]every one后不與of連用時,即可指人又可指物,指人時與everyone 相同。如: Everyone (every one) can do it. every one與of連用必須分開寫。 everyone 與not連用,只表示部分否定,并不是每個人的意思。 §176 examination/ test/ quiz Ⅰ.examination表示考試的意思時,通常指比較正式的考試,如學期考試、入學考試等。如: We have an examination in English today.我們今天考英語。 The students did very well in the terminal examination. 學生們學期考試成績很好。(這里指多門課程的考試,故examination 用復數形式) They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College. 他們通過南京師范學院的入學考試。 Ⅱ.test表示考試的意思時,指小考或考查。如: We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我們下周進行期中考試。 The teacher gave us a test in grammer. 老師對我們進行了語法考查。 Ⅲ.quiz表示小考測驗的意思時,指事先無準備,隨時進行的短促的測驗。如: The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老師對我們進行了一次五分鐘的測驗。 How ofter do you have your quiz? 你們多長時間測驗一次? §177 exciting/ excited Ⅰ. exciting 與excited 都含有“激動”的意思,在句中可作定語或表語。 exciting 指某事物“令人興奮、激動”,主語常是物。如: Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人興奮。 It was an exciting match. 那是一場激動人心的比賽。 Ⅱ. excited 表示某人對某事物“感到興奮、激動”,主語常是人。如: The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩們看到自己的球隊要贏了,都十分激動。 The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.興奮的孩子們正在打開各自的圣誕禮物。 [注意]英語中與它有類似用法的詞常見的還有: interested 感興趣的 interesting 令人感興趣的 worried 感到著急的 worrying 令人著急的 tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的 bored 覺得厭煩的 boring 令人厭煩的 frightened 感到害怕的 frightening 令人害怕的 §178 excuse …for/ excuse … from Ⅰ. excuse … for “原諒某事”。如: He excused me for being late. 他原諒我遲到了。 Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 請原諒我沒經你允許就用了你的電話。 Ⅱ. excuse … from “使免于……,允許不……”如: The teacher excused him from the examination. 教師同意他免試。 The boy was excused from doing housework. 允許這男孩不做家務事。 §179 expect/ wait Ⅰ.expect 是及物動詞,作“期待,預料,指望”解,表“期待某人會來或某事會發生”的意思,后接名詞、代詞、動詞不定式或從句。如: We expected you yesterday. 我們昨天就盼你來。 We expect to meet you again next year. 我們期待明年再見到你。 expect 可引申為漢語的“等待”,多用于進行時態,主要指“期盼”的心理狀態,其后不可接介詞for. 如: Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等著你來呢? Ⅱ. wait 是不及物動詞,常常與for連用,主要指“等候”的具體行為。如: Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等著和你說幾句話。 I have a month to wait yet. 我還得等一個月。 We are waiting for a bus. 我們在等公共汽車。 §180 family/ home/ house 這三個詞都可以作“家”講。 Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子,側重于具體的建筑物。如: There are four rooms in the house. Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所組成的家庭,是集體名詞,既可把它看成單數(指整體概念),以可視為復數名詞(指家庭成員)。如: His family is a large one. 他的家是一個大家庭。 My family are all watching TV. 我們家的人在看電視。 Ⅲ.home指一個人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含義。如: Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火車站附近。 另外,home還可作副詞。如:Let’s go home. §181 faraway/ far away Ⅰ.faraway指時間、距離、程度等,“遙遠的”如: the faraway guests 遠方的客人 它還可表“心不在焉的”。如: a faraway look 恍惚的神色 Ⅱ.far away是副詞詞組,只表距離遠,在句中作狀語還常作后置定語。如: He’s standing far away. He lived in a small village far away. §182 farm / field Ⅰ.farm是“農場”,它的范圍大,包括田地、樹木、家畜、家禽、房屋等,其前常用介詞on。 Ⅱ.field是“田地”,或生長草木的原野,多用復數形式,但一塊稻田可以說:a rice field,其前常用介詞in。如: There several kinds of animals on the farm. They’re working in the rice field. §1 83 farmer/ peasant Ⅰ.farmer指經營農莊的人。 Ⅱ.peasant包括雇農、小佃農或小耕農。在我國將農民都譯為peasant。 §184 farther/ further father, further都可以是far的比較級,意為“較遠、更遠”,但further除此之外,還有“更進一步,此外的”等意思,既可以作形容詞,也可以作副詞。如: They made further arrangement. 他們作了進一步的安排。 I may be able to give you some further information about it. 關于這件事,我可以提供另外一些信息。 She didn’t argue further about it. 她對此不再爭論了。 §185 fast/ rapid/ swift/ quick Ⅰ. fast “快”一般指物體的運動速度(speed)快,常用來形容交通工具跑得快,鐘表走得快,人的動作快等。如: A car goes faster than a truck. 小汽車比卡車跑得快。 How fast the horse runs! 這匹馬跑得多快呀! Ⅱ. quick 指較短的時間或較近的將來即可發生或完成某事,常用來形容動作敏捷、反應迅速。如: Come quick! 快來呀! Please give me a quick reply. 請迅速給我答復。 Ⅲ. rapid 表速度之快,往往可與fast通用,但它多指運動本身。如: The boy is making rapid progress. 這孩子進步很快。 Rapid speech is usually indistinct. 急促的語言往往不清晰。 The current was rapid. 水流得很急。 Ⅳ. swift 表速度很快而又常指運動平穩而不費力。如: Eagles are swift in flight. 鷹飛得很快。 The curent was very swift. 水流得很快。 §186 feed/ keep Ⅰ. feed “喂養”,強調具體的動作,意為:“給……喂食、給……東西吃”常用句型為:feed sb. / sth.(on sth); feed sth. to sb./ sth. 給(人或動物)某物作為食物。如: Mr King has a large family to feed. 金先生要養活一大家人。 What do you feedyour dog on?你用什么喂狗? Feed some stewed(燉的)apple to the baby. 給嬰兒多喂些燉蘋果。 Ⅱ. keep “飼養”,指總體情況,不涉及具體動作。如: The old woman kept many dogs. 那位老太太養了許多狗。 §187 festival/ holiday/ red-letter day/ vacation Ⅰ.festival“節日”其特點是同歡樂,如:外國的圣誕節,我國的春節等。 Christmas and Easter are Church festival.圣誕節和復活節都是教會的節日。 A number of new films were shown during the Spring Festival. Ⅱ.red-letter day “紀念、節日、大喜日子”,指日歷是用紅字標明的日子,如: There aare many red-letter day round the year. Ⅲ.vacation通常指按規定停下工作或學習等活動而休息的一段時間,一般較長,如學校里的寒暑假。如: The summer vacation is over. 暑假已經過去了。 §188 few/ a few/ little/ a little few和a few 修飾可數名詞,little 和a little 修飾不可數名詞;few和little表否定意義,可受very修飾。a few 和a little表肯定意義,可受only修飾。如: Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous. This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it. -------There is little water left in my glass. -------Will you please give me some? ④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left. §189 fairly /quite / rather Ⅰ. fairly 多用于褒義,語氣最弱,表“適度、尚可”等意思。 It’s fairly cold out; wear a jacket. 外面頗冷,穿件外套。 This is a fairly easy book. 這是一本相當淺易的書。 Ⅱ. Quite 與fairly 用法相似,但語氣較強。如: It is quite cold out; wear a coat. 外面很冷,穿件外套。 You are not quite happy this morning. 你今天早上我太高興。 Ⅲ. rather 多用于貶義。語氣在這三個詞中最強。如: It is rather cold out; wear a warm coat. 外面相當冷,穿件暖和人大衣。 §190 fight/ struggle/battle Ⅰ.fight 意為“戰斗”,指人與人,動物與動物,用武器或不用武器的戰斗,也可以引伸其義,如: They fought their enemies bravely. 他們勇敢斗敵。 Ⅱ.struggle意為“斗爭”,指那些費力、很艱苦、時間長的斗爭,如: His life was a hard struggle with sickness. 他一生與疾病作了艱苦的斗爭。 Ⅲ.battle“作戰”,一般指有組織的武裝部隊之間的斗爭。如: They were wounded in battle. 他們都在戰斗中受了傷。 作為名詞時,fight和battle都有“戰斗”的意思,有時可以通用。如: The fight/battle lasted a long time. 這次戰斗持續了很長時間。 fight的意義比較廣泛,還可指人對自然界的斗爭,有時也指人們之間的斗爭。如: We have starded a fight against pollution. 我們已開始了一場消除污染的斗爭。 struggle相當于a hard fight(奮斗),如: The slaves won their struggle for freedom. 奴隸們為自由而進行的斗爭勝利了。 §191 fill/ full Ⅰ.fill為及物動詞,表“使……滿”,常與介詞with搭配,表達“被……充滿”時用be filled with結構。如: The bottle is filled with water. 這只瓶子裝滿了水。 He was filled with joy at the news. 聽到這個消息,他內心充滿了喜悅。 Ⅱ.full是形容詞,多作表語,表示主語所處的狀態,常見于be full of 結構中。如: The schoolbag is full of books. 書包里裝滿了書。 He drew in an old badsket full of sand. 他撈上來一個灌滿泥沙的舊藍子。 [注]:be filled with = be full of .可以互換。但介詞with與of 不能混淆。如: The room is full of people. = The room is filled with people. §192 final/ last Ⅰ.final表終止或結束之意,有時帶有決定性或結論性等意味。如: Today is the final day of this term. 今天是本學期的最后一天。 We shall know the final results of the elections tomorrow. 明天我們將知道選舉的最后結果。 Ⅱ.last “最后的、末尾的”指按次序的前后或時間的先后居于最后,并意味著后面不再有了。如: My house stands in the last row. He was the last one to enter. §193 finally/ at last/ in the end 這三個都可以作“最后”講,但用法不同。 Ⅰ.finally表動作的發生順序是在“最后”,無感情色彩,只用于過去時,它居句首時較多。 Ⅱ.at last 表經過一定曲折之后某事才發生,強調努力的結果,帶有較強的感情色彩,須用一般過去時。 Ⅲ.in the end 表事物發展的自然順序的“終結”,有時或與 finally相互替換,但用于對將來的預測,則只能用in the end。如: Did the man in the shop understand him at last? Finally he went to see the famous man himself. I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end. §194 famous as / famous for Ⅰ. (be) famous as “以(某種身份)……出名(著名)”as后跟人賓語往往與主語同位。如: She is famous as a poet. 他以一名詩人而著名。 The town is famous as a car-making place. 該城鎮以制造汽車而聞名。 Ⅱ. (be) famouse for “困……而聞名(馳名)”表示由于某種特征而出名,for后的賓語一般為主語人從屬內容。如: China has been famous for its silk. 中國素以絲綢聞名。 This city is famous for its big gambling resort. 該市因其大賭場而馳名。 §195 fix/ mend/ repair Ⅰ. 這三個詞都可譯為“修理”,但fix 一詞在美語中應用更廣泛。fix 和repair 一樣,都表示使受到一定損壞或失靈的東西恢復其性狀或機能,如“修理、安裝”鐘表、收音機、照相機、電視機、汽車和機床等大型物體。repair 還可以用于修筑堤壩、道路和建筑等。如: a Ⅱ mend 一般用于“修補”破損的東西使其恢復原樣,一般指較小之物。如衣服、鞋襪、傘和桌椅等。如: mend §196foolish/ silly / stupid Ⅰ.foolish 的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,指顯得缺乏判斷力或普通常識的人或言行等。如: How foolish of you to condent! 你竟會同意,多么愚蠢啊! Don’t be so foolish. 別那么傻。 He is a foolish man to throw away such a chance. 他放棄這樣的機會真是個傻瓜。 Ⅱ.silly的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,表示愚蠢到了極點,以致令人發笑或輕視,它還常常表示沒有意思、無聊等意義。如: How silly of you to do that! 你竟做那件事,多么愚蠢啊! That is a silly story. 那是一個無聊的故事。 Ⅲ.stupid的意思是“愚蠢的、笨的”,指智力差,覺察理解力、學習能力等差。它有時可與foolish或silly通用,但其意味最強。如: He is a stupid person. 他是個蠢人。 How stupid of him to overlook such an obvious mistake. 如此明顯的錯誤他居然都沒有看出來,多么愚蠢呀! §197for short/ short for Ⅰ.for short意為“簡稱”、“縮寫”,是介詞詞組,常用作狀語,如: ① The teacher told Tom to write the text for short. 老師要湯姆縮寫課文。 Ⅱ.short for意為“是。。。 。。。的縮寫”與be 動詞連用,構成系表結構作謂語,如: ① “There’re” is short for “there are”. §198 from now on/ from then on from now on“從現在起”,是以現在為起點延續下去,謂語通常用將來時態。from then on“從那時起”,是以過去為起點延續下來,謂語通常用過去時態和完成時態。如: She is going to live with you from now on. 從現在起我將刻苦學習。 From then on, he hasn’t seen his uncle again. 從那以后他再也沒有看見他叔叔了。 §199 game/ match/ race/ sport Ⅰ. game 主要指決定勝負的游戲,通常有一套規則,凡參加者均須遵守。如: After a game on the wports field they often become good friends. 他們在運動場上進行一場比賽之后,常常變成了好朋友。 [注]:說“比賽”, 在英國通常用match,在美國通常用game.另外game 的復數形式一般指大型的國際比賽或綜合性體育運動會。如:the Olympic Games 奧林匹克運動會。 Ⅱ.match 表示相互間正式的體育比賽、球類比賽,英國人常用。 They are going to have a volleyball match. 他們將進行一場排球賽。 Ⅲ. race 主要用于賽跑、賽車等速度比賽。如: Who can win the relay race, Class 3 or Class 4? 誰能贏這場接力賽,三班還是四班? Ⅳ. sport 多指戶外的游戲或娛樂活動,如打球,跳高,游泳,釣魚,打獵,賽馬和拳術等。如: Swimming is his favourite sport. 游泳是他最喜歡的運動項目。 Skating is one of the winter sports. 滑冰是一個冬季運動項目。 [注]復數形式sports可指運動會。如: He created a new record in high-jump at our school sports. 在我們學校的運動會上,他創造了跳高新紀錄。 §200gift/ present Ⅰ.gift“禮物”指較正式的禮物。如: The watch was a gift from his father. Ⅱ.present往往與gift通用,但不如gift正式。如: I’m buying it for a present, so please wrap it up nicely. 我買這東西是作禮物送人的,請你包扎得好一點。 He gave me the book as a present. 他給我這本書作為禮物。 §201grow / keep / raise / plant Ⅰ. grow & plant 都可表示“種植”如種植草、樹、苗、花卉糧食等植物。grow 著重指種植以后的栽培、管理過程。 plant 著重指“種植”這一行為。某人plant a tree 之后,樹是死是活,不一定管,但某人grow a tree 則包括培育管理,使其生長的過程。如: ① The students are planting trees on the hill. 學生們正在山坡上栽樹。(不用grow) ② The farmer grows wheat in this field.那位農民在這塊田里種植小麥。(不用plant) ③ People grow bananas in Hainan. 海南種植香蕉。(不用plant) Ⅱ. keep 表“贍養”后可接表人或動物的名詞,不用來代替plant 或grow. 如: He has a wife and three children to keep. 他要養活妻子和三個孩子。 My grandma keeps pigs and hens. 我奶奶養豬養雞。 My uncle has a large family to keep. 我叔叔要養活一大家人。 Ⅲ. raise 除表“飼養(動物)”以外,還可表示“教育(子女)”; “培育(植物)”。如: We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.今年我們種的西紅柿長得很好。 My grandma raised a family of five. 我祖母養育了五口之家。 Where were you raised ? 你在哪兒長大? He raised some flowers in the back garden. 他在后園里種了一些花。 [注]:raise 強調從小精心培養到大,通常指培養花卉以及較難管理的植物。如: ① Let’s grow / raise some flowers in the garden.咱們在園子里種些花吧。 We grow rice, wheat and cotton in my hometown. 在家鄉,我們種植水稻、小麥和棉花。(不宜用raise) §202 glad/ happy/merry/ pleased 這組形容詞都有:“高興、快樂”之意。 Ⅰ.glad 多用在與人見面時的客套語中,指使人感到:情緒上有短暫的喜悅,常用作表語,一般情況下不作定語。如: I’m glad to help you with your English. 我很高興幫你學英語。 Ⅱ.happy指使人感到內心的滿足、幸福和愉快,祝賀新年或慶賀生日時常用到它,可用作表語和定語。如: Happy New Year! 新年好! I’ll be happy to meet him. 我將高興地與他見面。 Ⅲ.pleased 意為:“對……感到滿意/高興”常與be連用,后面接介詞with(sb), at(sth) 等引起的短語,或不定式;pleased 通常不作定語。如: He is pleased with his new job. 他對他的新工作很滿意。 She was very much pleased at the news. 她聽到這個消息非常滿意。 [注意]:以下結構可互換: be Ⅳ.merry 除“高興”之外,還有耳目可以感到的“熱鬧”,一般只作定語。如: Merry Christmas!祝 §203 go / walk Ⅰ. go 指朝著一定地點的方向運動。如: We go to school at seven in the morning. Please go downstairs to have lunch. 此外,go的主語還可以是動物、交通工具和機械等。如: My watch goes fast.我的表走快了。 The train goes to Beijing. 火車開往北京。 Ⅱ. walk 指朝著一定地點或無目的地“走”,常譯為“步行、散步”如: He often walks after supper. 飯后他經常散步。 They are walking along the river. 他們正沿著河岸走。 Let’s go out for a walk. 我們出去散步吧。 §204 go on with sth/ go on doing sth/ go on to do sth Ⅰ. go on doing sth,“(停頓以后)繼續做某事”;“不停地做某事”即做原來在做的事情。如: Now let’s go on writing. 我們繼續往下寫。 It’s raining, but the farmers went on working( = kept on working) in the fields. 天在下雨,然而農民們還在地里我停地干活。 Ⅱ. go on with sth 表示:“間斷后做原來沒有做完的事”后面跟名詞,不能接動詞-ing 形式。如: After a rest, they went on with the work. 休息以后,他們繼續勞動。 Ⅲ. go on to do sth. 指“接著做另一件事”,即接下來做與原來不同人事情。如: That’s all for the text. Now let’s go on to learn the grammer. 課文就到這里,現在我們接著學語法。 He went on to show us how to translate the sentence in a different way. 他接著教我們如何用另一種方法翻譯這個句子。 §205 go to bed/ go to sleep/ sleep/ be(fall) asleep
Ⅰ. go to bed 指“就寢”, 只表示“上床去睡”這一動作,無“睡著”之意。是終止性動詞。它的對應詞 是get up “起床” Ⅱ.in bed 表示一種狀態,在句中常作表語,意為“躺在床上,睡著”。其中in不能用on 替換。 Ⅲ. go to sleep 與get to sleep 意義相近,也是終止性動詞。即:“入睡、睡著”,強調進入夢鄉的過程。“開始睡覺”,即:being to sleep.如: I don’t know when I went to sleep / got sleep last night. 我不知道我昨晚什么時候睡著的。 Ⅳ. fall asleep意為“睡著”表示一個動作的過程,側重于“自然而然地入睡”,有時也含有“不想入睡而入睡”之意;be asleep“熟睡”,強調睡眠的狀態,該短語在句中作謂語。 Ⅴ. sleep 可動詞和名詞,表“睡著”“睡眠”,是可持續性的動詞。 Ⅵ. asleep 是表語形容詞,不能作定語 如: The children are all asleep. 孩子們都睡著了。 Are you asleep? 你睡著了嗎? §206 good/ fine/ nice/ well Ⅰ. good 是含義最廣的形容詞,表“好的質量”,“好的品質”。等意思。如: Lucy is a good girl. These eggs are good ( 指鮮人品質)。 Ⅱ. fine 側重于“質量的精細”, “身體健康”,還可以表示“天氣晴朗”等。如: This is a fine house. How are you? I’m fine, thank you. It’s a fine day for walk. 這是一個散步的好天氣。 Ⅲ. nice 指從外表上的“好看、漂亮”。取悅于人的感覺。也可指“(對人)友好和藹”如: It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 這塊表看上去不錯,但卻不是一塊好表。 It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。 They are nice mooncakes. 這都是美味的月餅。 Ⅳ. well 是副詞。表干/做得“好”,修飾動詞。也可作表語,指身體好。如: Well done! 干得好! I’m well. 我好了。 §207 grow/ increase
Ⅰ.作不及物動詞,兩者有相同的含意“增長”。如: The population of the world is growing/increasing faster and faster. 世界人口增長越來越來快。 Ⅱ.grow還有“生長,發育”的意思。如: The rice is growing fine. 水稻長勢不錯。 Ⅲ.作及物動詞,用法各異。 grow種植,栽 如: Wheat is grown in north of China. 中國北方種植小麥。 increase增加、增長 如: They are working hard to increase production. 他們正在努力工作以增加產量。 Ⅳ.increase可作名詞,意為“增加、增長”。如: ①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China. 在中國我們正在盡全力降低人口數量的增長。 §208 hand in/ turn in Ⅰ. hand in “傳遞、交給”。指交作業等。如: The teacher told them to hand in their exercise-books. 老師要他們交作業本。 Ⅱ. turn in “上交、交出”。指將某物歸公。或交給上級或組織以便找到失主。一般也可與hand in 互換。如: You should turn in the money. 你應該把那錢上繳。 You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你們應該把完成的作業交上來。 §209 hands up/ put up one's hand Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使語氣的口語,相當于Put up your arms over your head! “舉起手來!”如: ① “Hands up, or I’ll shoot.” The policeman demanded the robber. “舉起手來,不然我開槍了。”警察命令搶劫犯。 Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思與hands up 相同。但語氣要弱得多。如: Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 誰知道這個答案?請舉手。 Put up your hands if you have any question.如有問題請舉手。 §210 happen/ take place/ occur 都有“發生”之意 Ⅰ. happen 是普通用語,應用廣泛,指事情的發生有直接原因或帶有偶然性。即:“(某人)發生了什么事——happen to sb”,或 “(某物)發生了什么情況——happen to sth”。其主語通常由 accident 或 類似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代詞擔任。還可表示“碰巧發生某事,——happen to do sth.”如: What has happened? 發生什么事了?––– What happened to you? 你發生什么事了? It happened through your negligence. 這事的發生是由于你的疏忽。 He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。 I think it’s because I happened to like English. 我想這是因為我碰巧喜歡英語。 Ⅱ. take place 常指經過安排的事,無偶然之意。其主語常是表:“運動、活動、會議等”的名詞。如: The Olympic Games take place every four years. 奧林匹克運動會每四年舉行一次。 The May 4th Movement took place in 1919. 五四運動發生于一九一九年。 Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放來,我國發生了巨大的變化。 Ⅲ. occur[?`k?:] 常與happen 通用。但,是較為正式的用語。指在一定的時間內發生一定的事情。 When did the accident occur? 那事故是什么時候發生的? Don’t let the mistake occur again? 不要讓這樣的錯誤再次發生。 §211 hare/ rabbit Ⅰ. hare “野兔”比rabbit大,不打洞棲身。如: That is a hare. 那是只野兔。 Ⅱ. rabbit 指“野兔”時,比hare小,不打洞棲身。它也可指家兔。如 I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一個野兔洞。 He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他帶了一對家兔和一只野兔回來。 §212 harm/ hurt Ⅰ. harm 與hurt 均有“傷害”之意,但二者有區別: harm 用面較廣,往往暗示“不良的后果”, 所指傷害往往是抽象、籠統的。 hurt 往往暗示“肉體上疼痛或精神上的不快”其賓語常常是身體上一部分的名詞,所指的傷害是具體的。可見的。 ① The nose of machines harmed their hearing. 機器的噪聲傷害了他們的聽力。 ② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒時傷了背。 §213 have been to / have been in / have gone to Ⅰ. have been to … 表示:“曾經到過某處”但目前人未在那兒。如: Where have you been? 你到哪兒去了?(現在已回來)I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。(現不在北京) I have never been there before, have I? 我以前從未去過那兒,是嗎? Ⅱ. have been in 表示:“去了某地,并曾在那兒(一段時間),或現在仍在那兒。 She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks. Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示:“去了”指人已經走了,(至少目前不在說話的地點,在去的途中或已經到目的地)。如: Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school. 凱特不在家,她上學去了。(在路上或已經在學校了)。 She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在這兒,她去南京了。 §214 have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep Ⅰ. have sth done “讓某事被做”如: I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理發。(讓別人理)。 Ⅱ. have sh done。“讓某人被……”如: He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。(讓別人打) Ⅲ. have sb do sth. “讓某人做某事”如: I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV. 我要讓王叔叔修理我的電視機。 Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing “讓某人/ 某物處于某種狀態。如: Don’t have the students studying all day. 別整天讓學生們學習。 They had the machine working all day and all night. 他們讓這機器整日整夜地工作。 Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介詞短語或副詞,如: The teacher had her students in the classroom.老師讓學生留在教室里。 Have her here! 讓她到這兒來。 §215 have to / must Ⅰ. have to “必須”往往著重于客觀的需要,含有不得不的意味。如: Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看醫生嗎? It was late and we have to stay at home. 時間已晚,我們只得呆在家里。 Ⅱ. must “必須 ”往往著重于主觀上認為有義務,有必要。如: We must work hard. 我們必須努力工作。 We must go. 我必須去。 §216 have/ own Ⅰ. have “有”表人與物/人,物與物之間存在的“所有;所屬”的關系。有時人不一定是物/人的主人。如: I have an English book here. 我這兒有一本英語書。 Do you have any money with you? 你帶有錢嗎? Ⅱ. own 用于較正式場合,強調“(合法地)擁有”某物的所有權,主語一定是該物的主人。如: I own a bike. 我有一輛自行車。 Who owns the car? 這輛小汽車是誰的? §217 head/ brains Ⅰ. head 指外表看得見的,有形的“頭”。如: Don’t hit the boy on the head. 別打那孩子的頭。 Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的,無形的“腦力、智力”。 [注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含義基本相同。brains 常作單數看。 §218 hear/ hear of/ hear from Ⅰ. hear “聽見”指聽力,強調聽的結果。如: I often hear Lucy sing in the next room. Ⅱ. hear of “聽說”強調間接聽到有關某人的情況或得到消息。有時可用about 代替of,意義無多大的區別。如: We are all glad to hear of your success. 聽到你成功的消息,我們都很高興。 Have you heard of her lately? 你最近聽到她什么情況嗎? Ⅲ. hear from “接到……的來信(電話等)”如: Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早點來信。 We have not heard from him since he left. 自從他離開后,我們一直沒有收到他的來信。 §219 hear/ listen Ⅰ. hear “聽到”強調聽的結果。不一定是有意識的。如: Can you hear me? 你能聽見我說話嗎? I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我聽到了她的聲音,但并不用心去聽她說的是什么。 Ⅱ. listen “聽”強調傾聽的動作,當然未必能聽到什么。是不及物動詞,接賓語時常與介詞to連用。如: Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 聽!你聽見她在說些什么? We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我們仔細地聽了半天,但什么也沒聽到。 §220 heaven/ sky Ⅰ. heaven “天、天國、天堂”與earth和 hell(地獄)相對。在文學語言中,它也可以指天空,常用算數形式。如: The commune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社員們在戰天斗地。 He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧著布滿星星的天空。 Ⅱ. sky “天、天空”,一般用作單數。但在文學語言中,有時也用算數形式(skies).如: There were no clouds in the sky. 天上沒有云。 Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies. 為有犧牲多斗志,敢教日月換新天。 (毛澤東) §221 high/ tall Ⅰ. high “高(的)”,普通用語。與low 相對。指塊狀物體的高度。主要指本身比一般同類東西較高,或指所處位置較高。如: That’s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。 He looked at the high ceiling. 他望著高高的天花板。 Ⅱ. tall “高的”,常與short相對,也指同類中較高的,尤其是表示高度遠遠超過寬度或直徑。即指細長物體的高度。因此可以指人,也可指物。當指物時,往往可與high 通用。但不可指山,或大型建筑物。如: She is rather tall. 她相當高。 We can see the tall (high) tower. 我們可以看到那個高塔。 §222 hill/ mountain Ⅰ. hill “小山”通常比mountain 小。如: I went down the hill. 我從山上走下來。 The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山頂上。 Ⅱ. mountain “高山”,比hill大。如: We made our way up the mountain. 我們登山。 He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里長大的。 §223 help with / help…with. Ⅰ. help with “幫助”后面直接跟名詞。如: Jones will help with the concert. 瓊斯將幫助搞音樂會。 The children are helping with the housework. 孩子們正在幫助做家務。 Ⅱ. help …with. “幫助某人做某事”即help st with sth. 如: May I help you with your luggage? 我幫你拿行李好嗎? My father used to help me with my lessons. 父親過去常常幫助我做功課。 §224 human being/ man / person/ people Ⅰ. human being “人類”,可數名詞,算數為human beings. 意義較具體,以區別于動物、鬼神之類。如: There were no sight of human beings on the island although there were monkeys, wild goats and snakes. 那個島上雖然有猴子,野羊和蛇,但沒有人居住過的痕跡。 Ⅱ. man “人類”,單數或復數均可。其前不用限定詞。如: Man must make the earth support more people. 人類必須使地球養活更多的人。 Ⅲ. person. “人”著重指個別而言。與animal相對。指男,女,老,少均可。如: There are only three persons in the room. 房間里只有三個人。 Ⅳ. people “人”是集合名詞。與enemy相對,有較強的感情色彩。指普通人時,可與person代換。其復數形式為“民族”之意。如: Most people think so 大多數人這樣想。 There are more than 50 peoples in our country. 我國有50多個民族。 §225 hanged / hung 這兩個詞都是hang的過去分詞。 Ⅰ. hanged 是hang用作“上吊;絞死”時的過去時和過去分詞。 The murderer was hanged this morning. 那個殺人犯今天上午被絞死。 He hanged himself from a beam in the attic. 他在閣樓上懸梁自盡了。 Ⅱ. hung 是hang 用作“懸掛;下垂”等 意思時過去時和過去分詞。如: She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree. 她把圣誕節的裝飾品掛在樹上。 He hung his head in shame. 他羞恥得垂下腦袋。 §226 hurry up/ hurry off(away) / hurry to Ⅰ. hurry up 中的up是副詞。“趕快、快點、加緊”之意。含有催促、命令之意。且常用于肯定結構,偶而用于否定結構時,up可省。如: Hurry up! There is not enough time. 趕快!時間不夠了。 Don’t hurry. There is enough time. 別著急。還有時間。 Ⅱ.hurry off / away中的 away是副詞。“匆匆離去”無催促之意。如: Li Lei hurried off /away without a word. 李雷一句話不說就匆匆走了。 With this, the woman hurried away / off. = With this, the woman went away in a hurry.說完這話,那婦人匆匆離去。 Ⅲ. hurry to 是短語動詞。to 介詞。“匆匆去某地”如: He hurried to his office. = He went to his office in a hurry. Ⅳ. in a hurry. 介詞短語。“匆忙地(地)”,“慌忙地(的)” She dressed herself for the party in a hurry. 她為參加聯歡會而匆忙地換穿衣服。 You are always in a hurry. 你總是匆匆忙忙地。 §227 hurt/ injure/ wound Ⅰ.hurt的意思是“使受傷、使疼痛、使傷心、傷害”,它是普通用語,可以表示使肉體受傷或疼痛,也可以表示使感情受到傷害。如: He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌到時傷了背部。 My shoe is too tight, it hurts (me). 我的鞋太緊,使我的腳感到痛。 That’ll hurt her feelings. 那會傷她的感情。 Ⅱ.injure的意思是“傷害、損害”,指損害一個人的外表、健康、完好的東西(如自尊心、名譽、成就)等。如: He injured an arm in a car accident. 他在一次車禍中傷了一只手臂。 You will injure your health by smoking too much. 你吸煙太多,有傷身體。 This injured his pride. 這傷了他的自尊心。 Ⅲ.wound的意思是“受傷、傷害”,通常指因外來的暴力使身體受傷,尤指在戰爭中或遭襲擊受傷。它也可以指精神上受創傷。如: Ten soldiers were killed and thirty wounded. 十名士兵陣亡,三十名受傷。 The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 槍彈打傷了他的肩膀。 He felt wounded in his honour. 他覺得他的名譽受到了傷害。 §228 if/ whether Ⅰ.都有“是否”之意。在某種情況下右互換。如: I don’t know if / whether he’ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否來。 Ⅱ. 但在下列6種情況下if 不能替換whether: 正式文體中,句中有or not時。如: I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否夠大。 2.引導主語、表語、同位語從句時。如: Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的還是一個問題。 3. 作介詞賓語時,如: I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home. 我還未決定是否要回家去。 4. 放在不定式前,與不定式組成詞組。如: Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not. 李雷還未決定去還是不去。 5. 作discuss等詞的賓語時,如: They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他們講座是否該關閉那家商店。 6. 引導的從句放在句首時。如: Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.這件事是否真實我說不上。 Ⅲ. if 還有連詞的功能,意為“如果”引導條件狀語從句;而whether另有“不管,無論”之意,引導讓步狀語從句。如: I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打電話給我,我將很高興。 Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜歡不喜歡,你必須做這件事。 §229 ill/ sick Ⅰ. ill “病”,常用作表語,一般不作名詞的前置定語用;而sick可直接作前置定語用。如: She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顧她生病的母親。 He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。 Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修飾的名詞后面。如: He is a man ill with TB. 他是一個患肺結核的人。 Ⅲ. ill 的比較級和最高級分別是worse和worst. 表病重時,一般不說heavily ill/ sick. 而應說:seriously sick/ ill. 如: He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了傷風,不久就更厲害了。 His uncle is seriously ill. 他的叔叔病得很重。 §230 in / after/ later 都有“在……之后”的意思,區別在于: Ⅰ.in是介詞,用來表示從現在算起的“過一段時間以后”,常于將來時態的肯定句中,一般與go, come, start, arrive, return ( be back), finish等表示瞬間動作的終止性動詞連用。如:I’ll come and see you in two days. 兩天之后我再來看你。 Ⅱ.after是介詞,用來表示在某一具體時間或某一具體事件以后,謂語動詞可用于過去時,也可用將來時。如: He will arrive after four o’clock. 他將在四點以后到達。 She said she would be back after five o’clock. [注] 此情況下時間名詞應為點時間。 after 還可以表示從過去某時起若干時間之后,謂語動詞用過去時,不能用將來時。如:Lucy started after two days. [注] 此時應為段時間名詞。 Ⅲ.later是副詞,不能用于從講話時刻算起的若干時間之后,要根據上下文推斷從何時起至何時之后。如: I shall call on Mr Li on May 1st and shall call again about a week later. 五月一日我將拜訪李先生,大約一星期之后我再來拜訪。 I shall call again later. [注] later只能放在段時間名詞之后。 §231 in / of 均可用來表比較范圍。 Ⅰ.of 表“屬性”,意為“在同類中,最……” Ⅰ.in表“在……內”,意指“在某地或某范圍之中最……”,其后接表地點或組織、機構等的名詞,與比較對象不屬同一范疇。如: Li Lei is the tallest of the three boys. Li Lei is the tallest in our class. §232 in the future/in future 這兩個詞組都有“在將來”的意思,但含義上有區別。 Ⅰ.in furture多指從現在開始近期的將來,在時間上包括現在。如: You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必須更加小心。 He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答應今后給我更多的幫助。 Ⅱ.in the furture多指較遙遠的將來的某一時間,在時間概念上一般不包括現在。如: Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 誰能說準將來會發生什么? In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 將來,旅行社可能會組織去月球的旅行。 [注] in the furture 的 furture 前加形容詞時,不要去掉 the 。如in the near/far /distant furture。 §233 in time/on time Ⅰ.in time“及時”,指的是不遲到或在提前的時間之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短語。 Ⅱ.on time“準時”,指按規定的時間或指定的時間做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短語。如: Joe was just in time for the bud. Joe正好趕上那班汽車。 They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他們準時到那兒,去看了那個展覽。 Can you get there in time? 你能及時感到那兒嗎? You must always return your library book on time. 你必須總是按時歸還從圖書館借的書。 §234 in/ on/ to Ⅰ.in 表示“在某范圍之內”,如: In the Northwest, there will be snow in the night. Beijing is in the north of China. Ⅱ.on 表示“兩地接壤”。如: Tianjin is on the north of Beijing. Jiangshu is on the south of Shandong. Ⅲ.to 表示“在某范圍之外,兩地不接壤”。如: There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River. Japan is to the east of China. §235 increase by/ increase to Ⅰ.“increase by + 倍數或百分數”,表示“增加了。。。。。。倍/百分之”。“inctease to + 具體的增長后的數字”,表示“增加到了。。。。。。”。如: ① The population of this town has increase by 5 percent. 這個鎮的人口增長了5%。 ② The population of our country has increased to 1.3 billion. 我們國家的人口已增長到了13 億。 Ⅱ.表示“在。。。。。。方面增長”用in 來引導的短語。如: It has increase 30 percent in price. 它的價格增長了30%。 Its members are increasing in number. 它的成員數量正在增加。 The country is fast increasing in population. 這個國家人口增長很快。 §236 indeed/ really Ⅰ.indeed的意思是“真的、的確”,多用以肯定或證實人家所說的話,或加強自己說話的肯定語氣,如: ① -----It’s a difficult problem. 這是一個困難的問題。 -----Indeed it is. 的確如此。 ② We were indeed very glad to hear the news.聽到這消息我們真高興。 Thank you very much indeed. 真感謝你。 Ⅱ.really 的意思是“真的、真正、的確”,指和事實或現實不相違背,用以表示肯定人家所說的是實話,希望人家說實話或強調自己說的是實話。它有時還用以表示對人家所說的話感到驚訝、生氣、懷疑等。如: ① -----He is a good student. 他是一個好學生。 -----Really. 的確是。 ② It was really not my fault. 那的確不是我的錯。 Do you really wish to go? 你真的想去嗎? ------We’re going to Qingdao this summer. 今年夏天我們要去青島。 ------Oh, really? 啊,真的嗎? §237 interest/ interesting/ interested
Ⅰ.interest. n. “興趣;趣味”v. “使(人)產生興趣” What you said interests me. 你的話引起了我的興趣。 He shows an interest in music.他對音樂感興趣。 Ⅱ.interesting. adj. “有趣的;引起興趣的”可作表語或定語,指物或人本身能引起興趣。如: The film is very interesting. 電影非常有趣。 He is an interesting man. 他是一個有趣的人。 Ⅲ.interested是動詞interest 加ed 構成的形容詞,意為“感興趣的”,其主語一般指人。 常構成短語:interested in , 如: When he was only a child, he got interested in science. 當他僅是一個孩子時,他就對科學產生了興趣。 §238 job/ work 兩者均表示“工作”,后者(work)含義更廣,為不可數名詞。也可作不及物動詞;前者(job)強調工作的性質或工種,為可數名詞。如: I like the job/work. 我喜歡這份工作。 The work is easy to do. 這份活很易做。 §239 join / join in / take part in Ⅰ. join 可用來表示加入某個政黨、團體、組織等, 指成為其中的成員。如: My uncle joined the Party in 1989. We are going for a swim .Will you come and join us. 我們要去游泳,你和我們一起去好嗎? Ⅱ. join in 表“加入、參與”某種活動,后接名詞或動詞的ing 形式,表“參加某人的活動”可以說:join sb. in (doing) sth. 如: He joined them in the work.他同他們一起工作。 Will you join us in playing basketball? 你跟我們一起打籃球好嗎? Ⅲ. take part in 指“參加”會議、考試、競賽或群眾性活動,重在說明句子主語參加該項活動并在其中發揮作用。如: The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday. 昨天老師參加了我們的討論。 When will you take part in the meeting? 你將在什么時候參加會議? [注意]:join in 后面可以不跟賓語。而take part in 后面必須跟賓語。如: Let me join in. 讓我參加吧。 §240 journey/ trip/ voyage/ tour/ travel Ⅰ. journey “旅游” 著重指:從甲地到乙地所走的路程和花費的時間。多指陸路“旅游”用英語可解釋為:a trip of some distance usually by land. Ⅱ. travel “旅行、游歷”多指到世界各地的活動,國與國之間旅行,(沒有回到原出發地的含義)表某次具體的旅行時,常用復數。英譯為:the activity of moving about the world. On his doctor’s advice, he went on his travels. 遵照醫生的意見,他出發旅行了。 He came home after years of foreign travel. Ⅲ. trip 多指帶有特殊目的或定期的旅行,為了高興進行的較短距離的,旅游或遠足。 We’ll make a trip on Sunday. He came back from a trip. 他旅歸來。 Ⅳ. tour “周游、旅游、觀光、游覽”等,多指不同地點的漫游或短途旅行參觀。通常是回到原出發地點時就意味著旅行結束。英譯:a journey during which several places of interest are visited; a short trip to or through a place on order to see it. 如: I’m going to set out on a walking tour. 我即將動身去徒步旅行。 He has gone for a tour in Europe. Ⅴ. voyage 多指較長距離的水上航行,但也指空中航行。 He made a voyage from Shanghai to Qingdao. 他從上海航行到青島。 They made a voyage to France by air.他們乘飛機到法國。 §241 known as / known by / known for/ known to Ⅰ. known as “作為…而出名”;“被稱作…”,as后面的賓語與句子主語是同位的。如: George is known as a successful banker. 喬治作為成功的銀行家而出名。 The first tomb, known as Chang Ling, was built in the 15th century. 第一座陵墓叫長陵修建于是5世紀。 Ⅱ. known by “憑……來判斷或認識”一般不太常用,多出現在某些諺語中。如: A man is known by the company he keeps. (諺)見其友,知其人。 Ⅲ. known for “因……而出名”,for后面多接表示特征、品質之類的詞。如: Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries. 桂林因風景優美而聞名。 He is known for his frankness. 他以坦率而出名。 Ⅳ. known to “為……所知的”,to后面常接表示人的名詞或代詞。如: She is known to everyone in the college. 他在學院里人人皆知。 The usage of that word is known to us all. 這個詞的用法我們人人皆知。 §242 keekp doing sth/ keep on doing sth/ keep sb doing sth/ keep sb or sth from doing sth/ stop……from doing sth/ prevent……from doing sth Ⅰ.keep doing sth 表示“繼續(不斷)地做某事”指無停頓或停頓較短。或后接表靜態的動詞。如:sit sleep. Wait, stand,等。 He kept sitting there for half an hour without moving. 他一動不動地在那兒站了半個小時。 Ⅱ.keep on doing sth 表經過一段時間的間隙后“繼續做同一件事”后可接表動態的詞。如walk, write talk 等。還暗指不顧困難、反對、警告而“堅持”做某事。 They kept on working in the field, though it was raining.雖然天正在下雨,他們還是繼續在田里干活。 Ⅲ.keep sb doing sth. “使某人處于某種狀態” Our Chinese teacher kept us reading by ourselves the whole class. 整個一節課, 我們的語文老師都讓我們自己看書。 Ⅳ.keep sb / sth from doing sth. “阻止、防止某人/ 某物做某事”如: The policeman kept the children from crossing the road when it was dangerous. 危險的時候,這位警察阻止了孩子們過馬路。 Be carful! Keep the glass from dropping on to the floor. 當心!防止玻璃掉到地板上。 Ⅴ. prevent……from doing sth與上同意,但較正式,隱含預防之意。From在被動語態中不可省。如: In many countries, laws have been passed to prevent factories from sending out poisonous gases and polluted water. 許多國家已制定法律來制止工廠排放有毒的氣體和污水。 Ⅵ,stop……from doing sth. 與上可代換。它常指現場的具體行為。如: The policeman stopped the children from playing football in the street. 警察制止孩子們在街上踢球。 §243 kill/ murder/ slaughter Ⅰ.kill的意思是“殺”,是普通用語,不限于用刀殺人,而可指用任何辦法把人或動物弄死。如: He was killed. 他被殺死了。 He was killed in a train accident. 他在一次火車事故中死亡。 They killed animals for food. 他們宰殺動物為食。 Ⅱ.murder的意思是“謀殺”,指非法地、存心不良地或有預謀地殺人。如: They murdered a revolutionary. 他們謀害了一個革命者。 Ⅲ.slaughter的意思是“屠殺”,指大批地、殘酷地殺人,也可指屠宰動物。如: Old men, woman and children were mercilessly slaughtered. 老人、婦女和孩子們都遭到殘酷的屠殺。 §244 kind/ sort Ⅰ.kind表示種類的意思時,指屬于同種類的東西。如: This is a new kind of machine. 這是一種新式機器。 What kind of man is he? 他是怎樣的人? Ⅱ.sort的意思也是“種類”,指大體相似的東西。在語言實踐中,這兩個詞常被毫無區別地使用著,不過,當表示帶有輕蔑的意味時,多用sort。如: What sort of book do you want? 你需要哪一種書? I’ll never do this sort of thing. 我決不會干這種事。 What sort of people go there? 什么樣的人到那兒去? §245 know/ know about/ know of Ⅰ. know “知道”;“了解”。側重直接性。如: I know her very well. 我很了解她。 I don’t know his current address. 我不知道他目前的地址。 Ⅱ. know about “知道知道關于……的情況”。 I happened to know about him. 我碰巧了解他的情況。 I don’t know about that matter. 我不知道那件事。 Ⅲ. know of “知道有……”;“聽說過……”,側重間接性。 I know of the town but I’ve never been there. 我知道有那么個鎮子,但從未去過那里。 I don’t know Mark, but I know of him. 我不認識馬克,但我聽說過他。 §246 know/ recognize Ⅰ.know表示認識的意思時,可以表示認識或熟悉某人,也可以只表示認識某人是誰(即認得某人是個什么樣子)。它不僅可以用于人,還可以用于地方等。如: Do you know him? 你認識他嗎? I have known him for more than ten years. 我認識他有十多年了。 I know him by sight but have never spoken to him. 我認識他是誰,但從沒有和他談過話。 He knows the city thotoughly. 他很熟悉那個城市。 Ⅱ. recognize表示認識的意思時,表示能認出曾經見過或原來認識的人或物。如: Do you recognize him? 你認得他是誰嗎? I did not recognize him at once. 我一下子都認不得他了。 When he came back to Nanjing, he hardly recognized the city. 當他回到南京時,他幾乎認不得這個城市了。 §247 lay / lie 這兩個詞常易混淆,主要是因為兩者的意義及它們的過去式和分詞形式極易混淆。 Ⅰ.lay通常用作及物動詞,意為“擺、放、下蛋或產卵”等,過去式、過去分詞和現在分詞分別為laid, laid, laying。如: He laid the papers on the desk and then went out. 他把文件放在桌上,然后出去了。 They were laying the foundation of the house. 他們在給房子打地基。 The cuckoo lays its eggs in other birds’ nets. 杜鵑在別的鳥巢中產卵。 Ⅱ.lie一般作不及物動詞用,作“躺;平放”解時,其過去式和過去分詞分別為lay, lain;作“撒謊”解時,其過去式和過去分詞均為lied,現在分詞均為lying 。如: She lay on the beach all morning. 她整個上午都躺在沙灘上。 How long has he lain there like that? 他像那樣躺在那兒有多久了? He lied to me. 他對我撒了謊。 §248 learn/ study Ⅰ. 這兩個動詞都作“學習”講,有時可以互換使用。 He is learning / studying English now. 現在他在學習英語。 Ⅱ. learn 往往通過學習、練習或由別人教授以獲得某種知識或技能,側重學習的成果,有“學會、學到”的意思。study 通常指比較深入地學習,含有努力去學的意味,它側重學習的過程,有“研究、鉆研”的意思。如: He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力學習,終于學會了這種語言。 He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所學校讀書。 But I am learning to skate. 但我在學習滑冰。 §249 leave sw/ leave for sw Ⅰ. Leave的意思是“離開”,既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞。 He left Rome. 他離開了羅馬。 It’s time for us to leave. 我們該走了。 Ⅱ. Leave for 的意思是“前往”,指離開某地去另一地,for 后面跟表示目的地的地點名詞。 He left for Rome. 他動身去了羅馬。 The delegation left for Guangzhou by plane. 代表團乘飛機前往廣州。 §250 leave/ forget Ⅰ. 這二個詞都有“忘記”的意思。但leave 表示“忘了帶……”; “把……落在某個地方了”,后面有地點狀語。 forget + 如: I left my handbag in the office.我把手提包落在辦公室了。 We often see Mr. Gates standing outside his own house because he often leaves the key in the house.我們經常看到蓋茨先生站在他自家門外,因為他常把鑰匙忘在家里。 I have never forgotten my family’s birthdays. 我從沒忘記過家人的生日。 Ⅱ. 還有“離開、留下;使處于……狀態; 聽任”的意思。如: In 1933, Einstein and his family left Europe for USA. 1933年愛因斯坦和他的家人離開歐洲去了美國。 Jim left a message on the computer to you just now. 剛才吉姆在電腦上給你留言了。 They went into the café, leaving the car unlocked. 他們沒鎖車,走進了咖啡廳。 [諺語]:Never leave today’s work until tomorrow. 今天的事今天做。 §251 lift/ raise
Ⅰ. lift “舉起、提起、抬起”常常表舉(提、抬)起某物時需要費些力氣。如: This is too heavy for me to lift. 這太重了,我舉不起。 He lifted a pail of water from the ground. 他把一桶水從地上提了起來。 Ⅱ. raise “舉起、抬起”著重指使某物豎立起來。如: Those who are ready, please raise your hand. 準備好的人,請舉手。 He raised his head. 他抬起了頭。 §252 like/ love/ be fond of Ⅰ. like “喜歡、喜愛”與dislike相對。是本組詞中語意最弱的詞。如: I like the poem. 我喜歡這首詩。 I don’t like smoking. 我不喜歡抽煙。 Ⅱ. love “愛、熱愛”與hate相對。帶有強烈的感情,是本組詞中語意最強的詞。如: We love our socialist motherland. 我們熱愛我們的社會主義祖國。 I like her , but I don’t love her. 我喜歡她,但并不愛她。 Ⅲ. be fond of “喜歡、愛好”,語意比like強,但比love弱。其后不能接不定式。如: He is fond of music. 他愛好音樂。 I am fond of reading. 我喜歡讀書。 He is very fond of his mother. 他很喜歡他的母親。 [注]:prefer “比起……更喜歡……”,其比較對象通常用在介詞to 后。如: Which would you prefer, tea or coffee? I prefer tea to coffee. 茶和咖啡,你喜歡哪? 比起咖啡來我更喜歡茶。 §253 little/ small
Ⅰ. little “小的”與big 和great 相對,表本身小,不含比一般小的意味。用這個詞時,往往帶有感情色彩。如: What a pretty little house! 一所多漂亮的小房子! I want the little box, not the big one. 我要小箱子,不要大的。 [說明]:little指人時,表和成年人相比,個子小年齡也小。 Ⅱ. small “小的”與large 相對,它常與little 通用。但多指,就一般標準而言比較小的東西,不帶感情色彩。如; The boy is small for his age. 就年齡來說,這男孩的個子小了些。 He lives in a small room. 他住在一個小房間里。 §254 like / as Ⅰ. like 用于比較或比喻,表示“像……一樣”。 Sometimes he behaves like a fool. 有時他的行為舉止像個傻瓜。 I beg you not to say anything like that to my parents. 我懇求你不要對我的父母說那樣的話。 Ⅱ. as 則表示某人或某事實際上具有as后面所描寫的特征或身份,此時as當“作為;當作”解。如: He works as a gardener. 他的工作是個園丁。 Originally, our house was used as a hotel. 原先我們的房子是作旅館用的。 Ⅲ. 另外一點要提及的是as可用作連詞,后面接句子;like在正規英語中不能用作連詞。如: When in Rome, do as the Romans do. (諺) 入國問禁,入鄉隨俗。 §255 look/ look at/ notice/ see/ watch / read / gaze. Ⅰ. look “看”強調看的動作,指有意思地看,是不及物動詞。接賓語時用介詞at 即:look at.如: Look, what’s the boy doing? He is looking at the picture. Ⅱ. see 強調“看”的結果。指視力。如: He looked at the blackbord but he didn’t see nothing. Ⅲ. notice 是指用眼睛或其它感官或感覺去“注意到”;“看到” I noticed that he came early,我注意到他來得很早。 I noticed him enter(ing) the office. 我看到他走進了(正在走進)辦公室。 Ⅳ. watch 強調“觀看”其行為動作,跟蹤其運動著的目標。含有“監視”之意。如: watch TV / a game /a play /sb. 看電視 / 比賽 / 戲曲/某人 Ⅴ, read 指“看書、報、雜志等”, 指用大腦去思考,含有閱讀之意。如: He is reading a book. §256 look/ look for/ find/ find out / look up
Ⅰ. look “看”指看的意識,強調看的行為動作。是不及物動詞。不能直接接賓語。如: Look, they are playing on the playground. Ⅱ. look for “尋找”指有目的地找。強調“尋找”這一動作。 What are you looking for? 你在找什么? Ⅲ. find “找到、發現”指經過一番努力后“找到”丟失的人或東西。強調“找”的結果。如: I can’t find my pen. 我找不到我的鋼筆了。 The poor granny is looking for her little son. I hope she can find him. 這個可憐的老奶奶在找她的小兒子,我希望她能找到他。 Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”用著及物動詞短語,常表達找出答案,弄明真相,查明情況等意思。如: Please find out when the train leaves. 請查一下火車什么時候離站。 Ⅴ. look up “向上看;查字典”如: She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky. You must look up the new words when you don’t know how to pronounce it. §257 what’s …like?/ How’s …?
Ⅰ. What’s …like? “詢問某人或事物的持久的特性、特征, 如相貌等。 如: ① ---What’s your elder sister like? ---She’s a kind and humorous woman. 你姐是怎樣一個人? 她是一個既和善又幽默的女人。 ② ---What’s your father like? ---He is tall and fat. 你父親長得怎么樣? 他又高又胖。 ③ ---What’s the spring in the north like? ---It’s usually very windy and dry. 北方的春天怎么樣? 通常風很大而且干燥。 Ⅱ. How’s …? 用來詢問暫時 的情況,或對經歷過事的感受,或問候別人的健康。如: ① --How’s your study these days? --Very well. Thank you. 近來的學習情況怎樣? 很好, 謝謝。 ② How was the film last night? Great! 昨晚的電影怎么樣? 好極了! How is your sister? She’s very well. 你姐好嗎(身體怎樣)? 她很好。 [注意]:下面兩句子的含義是不一樣的。 How was the film? 這電影怎樣? What was the film like? 這電影講什么?(請對方對電影作一番描述或評論) §258 none / nobody / no one
Ⅰ. none 既可指人,也可指物,意為“沒有人;沒有東西”等,表三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定。與all是反義詞。后可接of 短語。作主語時,如果它指代的是可數名詞,謂語動詞用單數、復數形式都可以,用單數時強調個體,表“沒有一個人”;用復數則強調整體,表“所有人都沒有”。如果它指代的是不可數名詞,謂語動詞用單數形式。常常用來回答how many & how much 以及有特定范圍的問題。如: How many of the women are teachers? None (of them is / are). 這些女士中有多少是老師? 一個也沒有。 How much water is left in the bottle? Nove (of it is left). 瓶子里還剩多少水? 一點兒也沒剩。 Which of the boys plays football well? None(of them does). 這些男孩中哪個足球踢得好? 一個也沒有。 Ⅱ. nobody & no one 指代人,意為“沒有人”。作主語時謂語動詞有單數形式,后不能跟of 短語,常常用來回答who 和不確定的問題。如: Luckily, nobody / no one was gurt in this accident. 幸運的是,沒有人在這場事故中受傷。 Who went to the net bar this week? Nobody / No one. 這周誰去過網吧? 沒有人。 §259 look/ seem
Ⅰ. seem “看來、似乎”既可作連系動詞,以可做不及物動詞,后接:形容詞、名詞、介詞短語或不定式。 如: Mother seemed to know that. 母親好像知道那件事。 Bill doesn’t seem to a understand. 比爾似乎不太理解。= Bill seems not to understand.(這更正式) Ⅱ. 常用搭配: It seems (that)好像、看來、似乎,如: It seems to me that her accident is all your fault! 在我看來她出事都是你的錯。 But it seemed that it wasn’t the only letter. 但是好像這不是唯一的一封信。 seem as if / though. “看起來像”如: It seems as though Ken will win the rice.看來賽跑Ken好像要贏。 It seems (as if ) it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。 Ⅲ. look “看來、似乎”著重于由視覺得出的印象,seem 則暗示有一定根據,這種判斷往往接近事實。在搭配上兩者都可接:形容詞、名詞(前常有形容詞修飾)、動詞不定式to be、過去分詞 和 介詞短語。如: He looks / seems a nice man.他看上去是個好人。 You look / seem tired. Let’s have a rest. 看來你累了,我們休息一會兒。 The boy looked / seemed to be very ill. 那男孩看上去病得很重。 Ⅳ, 但在下面情況下,只能用seem, 不能用look: 后面接動詞不定式:to do 時。如: The captain seemed to know all his soldiers. 2. 用于It seems that …結構時。如: ① It seemed that he had missed the train.看來他沒搭上火車。 3. 用于There seemed to (不定式) 結構時:如: There seemed to be hundreds of people on the playground. 運動場上好像有幾百人。 §260 lose/ miss
Ⅰ. lose “丟失、失去”語氣較強,一般指失去后不易找回;而 miss 指人們覺察到東西已經“丟失”,含有可能找回的意思。miss 還有“想念”之意。而lose 則沒有。如: My grandfather lost a leg in in the war. 我爺爺在戰爭中失去了一條腿。 We shall all miss you when you go away. 你不在時,我們都會想念你的。 Ⅱ. 作定語和表語用時,lose 用過去分詞 lost, 而mess用現在分詞missing.如: Who has found my lost pen?誰找到了我丟失的鋼筆? Missing book is found now. 丟失的書現在已經找到了。 §261 meet / meet with
Ⅰ. meet “遇見、遇到;接(人)”;“集會”;“滿足(要求等)”。 I know his name, but I’ve never met him. 我知道他的名字,但從未見過他。 The staff members will meet tomorrow to discuss the problem. 員工們明天開會將討論這一問題。 I will meet my wife at the airport. 我將去機場接我的妻子 This will meet your needs. 這將滿足你的要求。 Ⅱ. meet with. “遇到;碰到”強調偶然性;還常表示“遭遇;經歷;遭到”此時不能只用meet. 如: I met with a childhood friend on the bus. 我在汽車上遇到一個兒時的朋友。 They met with an accident on their way back. 他們在回去的路上遇到車禍。 I met with some difficulties when I tried to enter the country. 我在入境時遇到一些困難。 §262 many/ much/ a lot of/ lots of/ a good or great many/ many a / a number of/ a great or large number of/ a great deal of/ plenty of/ the number of
Ⅰ. many “許多、大量”修飾可數名詞復數。如: Many students think so. 很多學生都這樣想。 Ⅱ. much 指量而言,與不可數名詞連用。如: He mever eats much breakfast.他早餐從來吃得不多。 Ⅲ. the number of “……的總數”number 指“數目、人數”是句中真正的主語。故動詞須用單三式。如: ①The number of the students in our class is sixty-five. 其它的見下表: 詞匯 后面可跟的詞 作主語時 謂語動詞的形式 many 復數可數名詞 復數 much 不可數名詞 單三式 復數可數名詞與不可數名詞(一般用于肯定句中;否定句和疑問句多用many, much) 復數或 單三式 amany 復數可數名詞 復數 many a 單數可數名詞 單三式 復數可數名詞 復數 a great deal of 復數可數名詞 與不可數名詞 復數或 單三式 plenty of 復數可數名詞或不可數名詞(一般用于肯定句中;否定句或疑問句多用enough, many much) 復數或 單三式 §263 may be/ maybe
Ⅰ. may be “也許是”“可能是”may 是情態動詞,與be一起作謂語。而maybe是副詞,意為“也許”“可能”用作狀語。如: Maybe you put it there.也許你把它放在那里了。 But I’m afraid I may be a little late. 但我擔心我可能晚了一點。 Maybe he’s wrong. = He may be wrong. 或許他錯了。 Maybe the twin brothers are boating now. = The twin brothers may be boating now.現在那對雙胞胎兄弟可能在劃船。 Maybe /perhaps they’ll go on a picnic next week. = They may go on a picnic next week. 他們下周可能要去野餐。 §264 mend/ repair
Ⅰ. mend “修理、修補”。普通用語。指對由于穿戴或使用等原因而破爛或破損的東西加以修補或修理。如: There’s a hole in your shirt. Better mend it right away. 你的襯衫上有一個洞,最好馬上補一補。 The broken window requires to be mended. 這扇破窗戶需要修理。 Ⅱ. repair “修理、修補”。常與mend換用。但當需要修理之物,由于使用或年代等原因已經損壞,修起來比較復雜時,多用repair. 如: They have repaired the car. 他們已把汽車修好了。 It will take all the summer to repair the house. 需要整個夏天才能把房子修好。 §265 message/ news
Ⅰ.這兩個詞都有“消息”之意,但詞義范圍有所不同。Message含義較廣,可指書面、口頭、無線電等多種渠道傳來的信息,因而有“消息、口信、電報”等意思,為可數名詞;news含義較窄,主要是通過報紙、電臺、電視等新聞媒介向公眾報道的最新消息,也可指原來未曾聽到過而現在聽到的消息,為不可數名詞。如: I’ll leave a message for her. 我將為她留個口信。 I haven’t had a message from him for a month. 我一個月沒有得到他的音訊了。 [聯想]:和 news搭配的詞組: latest news 最新消息。 stale news 過時新聞 current news 時事 highlighted news 重要新聞 inside news 內幕消息 grapevine news 小道消息 invested news 不實消息 distorted news 歪曲的新聞 §266 middle / center
Ⅰ.middle指“中間”,表示時間和空間的“中間”,是相對而言的,也可指籠統的“中部”,如: We have lunch in the middle of the day. 另外middle還可表程度的“中等”如:the middle school Ⅱ. centre “中心”,通常用于空間方面,強調指正中心。它還可以用于借喻,表某一事物的中心。如: Dray a circle round a given centre. 就指定的中心畫一圓圈。 We live in the centre of London. 我們住在倫敦中心。 Beijing is the political, economic and cultural centre of China. 北京是中國的政治、經濟和文化中心。 §267 mist/ fog
Ⅰ. mist “霧”指比fog 薄的“薄霧”,形容詞為:misty. 它還可指:“(眼睛)朦朧”等。如: The mountain top was covered with mist. 山頂籠罩著霧氣。 She tried to see him through the mist of tears. 她試著透過朦朧的淚眼看他。 Ⅱ. fog 指較濃的“濃霧”,其形容詞為:foggy.如: The fog was so thick that he had to drive very slowly. 霧太濃了, 他必須慢慢地開車。 §268 most /a most / the most
Ⅰ. most adv. 前無冠詞,一般表“很、十分”如: Most likely it will rain. 很可能要下雨了。 The author is most serious in writing the essay. 作者寫這篇文章的態度是很嚴肅的。 Ⅱ. a most 后接形容詞,修飾單數可數名詞,意思是“很,十分”如: That was a most enjoyable party. 那是一次非常快樂的晚會。 These children lead a most happy life. 這些孩子過著非常幸福的生活。 Ⅲ. the most 是much or many 的最高級。意為“最”如: That’s the most beautiful place I’ve ever been. 那是我到過的最美麗的地方。 §269 mouse / rat
Ⅰ. mouse “老鼠、耗子”,比rat 小。如: I have set a trap for mouse. 我裝置了一個捕鼠器捕鼠。 When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [諺]:貓兒一跑耗子鬧。 Ⅱ. rat “老鼠、耗子”,比mouse 大。如: A rat has fallen into the trap. 一只老鼠落到了捕鼠器里。 A rat crossing the street is chased by all. 老鼠過街,人人喊打。 §270 much too/ too much
Ⅰ. much too 太、非常, 用作副詞詞組,修飾形容詞或其它副詞。如: It’s much too cold today. 今天天氣太冷。 The old man walked much too slowly. 這位老人走得太慢了。 Ⅱ. too much “太多”有三種用法: 用作名詞詞組。如: You gave me too much. 你給我的太多了。 用作形容詞詞組。修飾不可數名詞。如: I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.我不喜歡冬天,因為雪和冰太多了。 用作副詞詞組,修飾動詞,如: Don’t speak too much. 別講得太多。 [注]:much too 與too much都可用作副詞詞組,但too much 不可以修飾形容詞,much too 不可以修飾動詞。 §271 must/ have to
Ⅰ. must “必須”,往往著重于主觀上認為有義務,有必要。 We must work hard. 我們必須努力工作。 Imust go. 我必須走。 Ⅱ. have to “必須”往往著重于客觀的需要,含有“不得不”的意味。如: Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看醫生嗎 It was late and we have to stay at home. 時間已晚,我們只得呆在家里。 §272 neither/ either
Ⅰ. neither “(兩者)都不”,pron 如: Neither of the books is mine. 這兩本書都不是我的。 [注]作連詞用時,neither 與nor連用,表示“既不……也不”如: The ground must be just right ——neither too wet nor too dry.地面務必適合——既不太濕,也不太干。 Ⅱ. either “(兩者中的)任何一個”pron. 如: There are two bikes in the room. You can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有兩部自行車,你可以任騎一部。 [注]作連詞用時,與or連用,表示“或者……或者……”、“不是……就是……”。如: They were either too big or too small. 它們不是太大,就是太小。 作副詞用時,二者都有“也不”之意,但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如: He doesn’t like swimming, I don’t like swimming, either. He doesn’t like swimming. Neither do I . (用于倒裝結構中) §273 neither/ none
Ⅰ. neither “兩者都不”與both相對,其后的謂語動詞用單三式。如: Neither of my parents is at home. 我父母親(任何一個)都不在家。 Ⅱ. none “三者或三者以上都有不”,與all相對。如: None of the students are in the classroom. They have all gone to the playground. 所有的學生都不(一個也不)在教室里,他們都到操場上去了。 §274 next / the next Ⅰ. next 用于將來時態中 Ⅱ. the next 用于過去時態中。有時也可用于將來時。如: I’ll finish school next June. The next month I’ll go on trip to my hometwon. 明年六月我要畢業了,第二個月(即七月)我就要回家鄉。 She said in her letter that she would visit us the next week. 她在信中說她要在第二個星期拜訪我們。 §275 no / not
Ⅰ. no “不”既可作形容詞,又可作副詞。作形容詞時用來否定名詞、代詞或動名詞。作副詞時,主要用于否定回答。 The poor boy had no money for books. 那個窮孩子沒錢買書。 No smoking. 禁止吸煙。 Isn’t he a teacher? No, he isn’t. Ⅱ. not “不”只用作副詞。用來否定動詞、不定式、形容詞或副詞。通常放在“三類詞”(情態動詞,助動詞,系動詞)之后,行為動詞之前。否定不定式時,直接放在不定式的小品詞to前。如: I have not been to Beijing. He doesn’t like reading. no 和not 都可與形容詞或副詞的比較級連用,但句子的含義不同。如: I am no taller than he. 我不比他高。(兩人都矮) I am not taller than he. 我不比他更高。(兩人都高) no = not a 或not any 如: She has no books = She doesn’t have a book. = She does not have any books. no 表示它所修飾的名詞的相反的意思。而not只能表示一般的否定。如: He is no teacher. 他根本(絕)不是老師。(不善于教書) He is not a teacher. 他不是老師。(可能是其它職業) He is no fool = He is clever. 他不笨(他是聰明的) He is not a fool. 他不是個傻子。 §276 no longer/ not…any longer/
no more / not any more Ⅰ. no longer = not … any longer, “不再”強調時間和動作不再持續,常與狀態動詞和延續性動詞連用,如wait, stay, be等。 但no longer與no more 一樣通常放在“三類詞(情態動詞、 助動詞、連系動詞)”之后。行為動詞之前。而not … any longer 與not … any more 一樣,其中的not與謂語動詞構成否定式,常放在“三類詞”之后。any longer,與any more 放在句末。如: He’s no longer living in this city. 他不住在這個城市了。 You are not a child any longer. 你已不再是個孩子了。 Ⅱ. no more = not … any more “不再”強調數量、次數上不再增加和強調動作終止的結果,因此,常與名詞、瞬間動詞連用,如hear, see, leave等。如: There’s no more bread. 不再有面包了。 He didn’t go there any more. 他再沒去過那兒。 §277 no matter what/ whatever/ what ever
Ⅰ.no matter what“不管什么,無論什么”用來引導讓步狀語從句。類似的詞組還有:no matter where “不論哪里”, no matter which “不論哪一個”,no matter how“不論怎樣”如: They are going to win the football match, no matter how bad the weather is. 不管天氣多么糟糕,他們會贏得這場足球比賽。 No matter who knocks, don’t open the door. 不管誰敲門,都不要開門。 Give me a call first no matter when you come. 不管什么時候來,都請你先給我打個電話。 Ⅱ.whatever 是連接代詞,可以作“無論什么”解,引導讓步狀語從句,可以這樣用的連接代詞或連接副詞有whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。如: Whatever you do, do your best. =No matter what you do, do your best. 無論你干什么,都要盡最大努力去干。 Whoever telephones, tell him I am out. = No matter who telephones, tell him I am out. 無論誰給我打電話,就說我出去了。 Wherever he may be, he will be happy. = No matter where he may be, he will be happy. 無論在什么地方,他都是樂呵呵的。 Ⅲ.whatever 還可以解作 “凡是……的;所……的東西”(anything that),用來引導一個名詞性從句,這時不能用no matter what 替換。如: Take whatever you want. 你要什么就拿什么吧。 Whatever I have is yours. 我所有的東西全都是你的。 Ⅳ. what ever 中的ever意為“究竟;到底”,用在疑問詞what后面,以加強語氣,著重表示說話者的情緒,如驚訝、憤怒、興奮等,what ever 在意義上等于what on earth 或what in the world, 其他疑問詞也可以這樣用。如: What ever do you think you’re doing?你想想,你到底在干什么? Who ever left the door open?究竟是誰把門敞著不關? Where ever did you pick up the pen? 你到底在哪兒撿到的這支鋼筆? §278 not at all/ not … at all
Ⅰ. not at all 是客套話,意為“別客氣”相當于 That’s all right; You are welcome. 如: ①--Thank you very much. –Not at all. Ⅱ. not…at all “根本不”;“一點也不”。at all 用以加強語氣。如: She doesn’t like it at all. 她根本不喜歡它。 He didn’t come at all. 他根本沒來。 §279 officer/ official
Ⅰ. officer “官員”常指武官,有時也指文官。如: The officer put down his arms and jumped into the pond for the fish. 那軍官放下武器,跳到池塘里捉魚去了。 His father is a police officer. 他父親是警官。 He is an administrative officer.他是行政官。 Ⅱ. official “官員”通常指政府的文職官員。如: An official is suspended from office. 有一位官員被停職。 They are government officials. 他們是政府官員。 §280 on time/ in time
Ⅰ.in time “及時”,指的是不遲到或在提前的時間之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短語。 Ⅱ.on time“準時”,指按規定的時間或指定的時間做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短語。如: Joe was just in time for the bus. Joe正好趕上那班汽車。 They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他們準時到那兒,去看了那個展覽。 §281 one/ it Ⅰ. it 所指代的,與前面的名詞是同一事物;它常替代限定詞the, this, that 所修飾的單數名詞,此外還可用來表示稱贊或責備某人做了某事。如: Whose is the pen? Oh it’s mine. 這支筆是誰的?哦,是我的。 It’s very kind of you to invite me to the party. 承蒙邀請,不勝感激。(代to invite…) Ⅱ. one 所指代的是前面名詞提到的同類事物,但不是同一件,它具有泛指的性質;它只能代替可數名詞,復數形式是ones 如: Have you got a pen? No, I haven’t. Please ask Tom, I think he has got one. 你有鋼筆嗎?不,我沒有。你去找一下湯姆吧,我想他有一只。 §282 pardon/ sorry/ excuse/
Ⅰ.pardon主要用于沒有聽清別人的說的話,請別人重復。或寬恕嚴重的過失或冒犯。可作名詞和動詞。 sorry 用于因做錯了事或傷害了他人而向某人道歉。是形容詞 Excuse則用于打擾別人或防礙別人的場合。 Please pardon me for not arriving sooner. 請原諒我沒有及時趕到。 I did wrong and I’m going to beg their pardon. 我做錯了,我打算去請求他們原諒我。 I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill. 聽說你的母親病了,我很難過。 You’ll be sorry about that. 你會為此事后悔的。 Excuse me, may use your pen? §283 past/ passed/ pass/ passor
Ⅰ. past 是動詞pass的過去時和過去分詞。在句中作謂語。意為“通過、傳遞”,時間的“消逝”等。如: He passed (by) the bank. 他路經銀行。 She passed him the cake. 她把蛋糕遞給他。 Two months passed before we had any news of them. 兩個月過去了,我們才得到一點他們的消息。 Ⅱ. passer “過路人”;“過客”。 Ⅲ. past 不是動詞形式,它除作為pass的過去分詞形容詞,作表語與定語外,還可作介詞、副詞及名詞。如: He has been working hard in the past few weeks. 他在過去的幾周里工作得很努力。(形) The past is past. 過去的事就讓它過去了。(形,名) She walked pasti him hurriedly. 她從他身邊匆匆而過。(介 The years went past without notice. 歲月不覺流逝。(副詞) §284 path/ road/ way
Ⅰ. path “道路”側重于指“小道;小徑”通常指走出來的路或指人行道等。如: There is a path to the top of the hill. 有一條小路通向山頂。 Keep to the pathor you maybe lose your way. 沿著這條路走,否則你可能會迷路。 Ⅱ. road 通常人和交通工具通行的一條條的路,它可以用作借喻,表示導致……途徑。如: Where does this road lead to?這條路通什么地方? It was very hot day, and the road was terrible dusty. 那是非常炎熱的一天,路上的塵土多得驚人。 It is the road to success. 這是成功之路。 Ⅲ. way 不是指人和交通工具通行的一條條的路,而是指要達到特定的地點必須通過的地方。如: It is a long way from here to the station. 從這兒到車站有一大段路。 Which is the shortest way there? 到那兒去哪條路最近? They are still on the way. 他們還在路上。 §285 personal/ personnel
Ⅰ. personal [`p?:s?nl]與 personnel[?p?:s?`nel]兩個詞音形相近,但詞性和詞義不同。如: personal 是形容詞,“個人的;私人的;親身的”。 That is my personal opinion. 那是我個人的意見。 She made a personal appearance. 她親自到場。 Ⅱ. personnel 是個集體名詞,沒有復數形式。“全體人員;工作人員”如: Our personnel are very highly trained. 我們的工作人員訓練有素。 The personnel are unhappy about these changes. 全體工作人員都不滿意這些變動。 §286 point / score
Ⅰ. point 指在考試、比賽中的“分”。如: 90 points . 90 分 We won / lost the game by 3 points. 我們以三分之差得勝/ 失敗。 Ⅱ. score 指“成績”。如: a score of 90 points . 90分的成績。 She scored 20points in the competition. = Her score of the competition is 20. 她在競賽中得了20分。 §287 point to/ point at
point to 與point at 都有用手指著某人或某物的意思。但后者還可表“對準;瞄準”之意。如: She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother. He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted “Hands up”他把口對準敵人,大聲喊:“舉起手來”。 §288 police/ policeman Ⅰ. police 常用作復數,其后不加-s. 如: The police are on duty. 那些警察在值班。 Ⅱ. policeman “警察”與police 同意。其復數形式為policemen. (policewoman→policewomen) .但表一個警察時,應說:one / a policeman. 而不說:one / a police. §289 problem/ question Ⅰ. problem 通常指須急于解決或決定的重大問題或難題。如 This is a difficult social problem to solve. 這是很難解決的社會問題。 He is clever enough to work out the maths problem. Ⅱ. question 著重指由于對某事感到疑惑不解或不能斷定而提出,并等待解答的問題。一般是不難的,在較短時間內能解決的問題。因此,我們可說:answer the question. 如: Please answer the question. §290 propose/ suggest
Ⅰ. propose “建議、提議”,是書面語,帶有正式和莊嚴的色彩。如: I propose an early start. 我建議及早開始(或動身)。 We propose that the house (should) be repaired. 我們建議對房屋進行修理。 Ⅱ. suggest “建議、提議”,但沒有propose正式。如: I suggest a visit to the theatre. 我建議去看戲。 I suggest that we (should) begin at once. 我建議我們立即開始。 He suggest going to the Summer Palace. 他建議去頤和園。 §291 pupil/student Ⅰ.pupil 特指“小學生;初等學校的學生”。也可指在教師指導下從事研究的“學生;門徒”如: The peanist often gives pisno lessons to her pupils. 這位鋼琴家經常給她的學生上鋼琴課。 Ⅱ.student 指“大專院校的學生;中學生”。 有時,也可指研究或攻讀某一學科的人。如:—→a college student. a middle school student. He is a student of science. 他是一個理科學生。 §292 quick/ fast / rapid /soon Ⅰ. quick “快”一般指動作敏捷迅速,毫不延遲,在較短的時間內發生或完成某項動作。如: She ran with quick steps to the house. 她快步跑進屋子。 Ⅱ. fast“快”主要用作副詞。指運動著的人或物體速度快。 The watch is only two minutes fast. 這只表只快兩分鐘。 Ⅲ. rapid 指一個或一連串的動作迅速、敏捷,著重指運動本身,有時也指激流。如: The diligent boy makes rapid progress in his studies. 這個勤奮的男孩兒學業進步迅速。 Their country house stands by a rapid steam. 他們的農舍在急流的溪邊。 Ⅳ. soon 著重指時間方面的快,可指現在或某個特定的時間的不久以后。如: He will come back very soon.他將很快就回來。 §293 quite / very/ too
Ⅰ. Quite 是程度副詞,可修飾副詞、形容詞和動詞。跟表程度的詞連用時,有“相當”“非常”的意思;跟沒有程度差別的詞連用時,作“完全”講。如: I feel quite well. 我覺得身體不很不錯。 I am quite tired. 我相當 累了。 We are not quite ready. 我們還沒有完全準備好。 Ⅱ. Very 也是程度副詞。“很;非常”可用來修飾形容詞或副詞。 如: This factory is very large. He runs very fast. [注意]:very 不能直接修飾動詞。如: I quite like her. = I like her very much Ⅲ. Quite 與 very 有時可以通用。但在份量上very 比quite 重。試比較: His English is quite good.(= not bad)他的英語很不錯。 His English is very good. (= excellent)他的英語好極了。 Ⅳ. Quite & very 與不定冠詞連用時位置不同。即依照:“a(n)+very+形容詞+中心名詞”和“quite + a(n) + 形容詞 +中心詞”的順序排列。 如: Jimes was quite a small baby. Jimes是個小孩子。 Jimes was a very small baby. Jimes 是個很小的孩子。 Ⅴ. Too “太、過分”含有超過容許的程度。帶有否定的意味。 It is too cold today. 今天太冷了。(含有不喜歡或不……) It was very cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。 [注意]:very 不能與too連用。不可以說:It’s very too cold.應將very 改為much或far.如: The cap is too big for me. §294 quite/ rather/ very
都是程度副詞,意為:“非常、相當、很”,無比較級和最高級。其區別在于: Ⅰ. quite 可直接修飾動詞。如: Some people don’t like the winter, but I quite like it. Ⅱ. rather 不可直接修飾動詞。語氣稍強。可與would 連用構成 would rather…than…這個平行連詞結構。如: She is rather tall. 她相當高。 Iwould rather stay at home(than go for a walk) 我寧愿呆在家里。(也不愿到散步) I would rather you stayed at home. I would rather listen to music than to swimming. 我寧愿聽音樂,也不愿去游泳。 Ⅲ. very 也不能直接修飾動詞。修飾形容詞或副詞時,語氣最強。如: I like English very much = I quite like English. His English is very good. (程度強=excellent) →His English is quite (rather) good. (程度輕=not bad) [注]:quite (rather) 和very 與“不定冠詞+形容詞+名詞”連用時位置不同。其排列順序是: ▲ “quite + a (an) +adj + noun” → “a + quite (rather) +adj +noun” 如: This is quite an interesting film. It’s a quite (rather) fine day today. (只有名詞前有形容詞修飾時,冠詞a / an 才可置前。 “a + very + adj + noun” 如: ① I watched a very interesting TV play. §295 real/ true
Ⅰ.real 指客觀上存在,并非想象和虛構的,它是與“無”相對而言的。如: This is a story of real life. 這是一個從真實生活中取材的故事。 This is a real diamond.這是一顆真正的鉆石。 Ⅱ. true 指符合某一標準或實際情況的,強調真實性。如: True love should last for ever. 真愛永不渝。 Is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到國外去度假是真的嗎? [注]:come true “(夢想)實現”不用real. genuine [`dЗenju:in]指沒有摻假的,貨真價實的,強調純真度。如: Is the bracelet[`breislit] genuine gold? 這手鐲是真金的嗎? §296 river/ stream/ brook
Ⅰ. river 指流向湖、海等有一定航運能力的“江、河”。是通用詞。常見于河流名稱中。如: the Changjiang River Ⅱ. stream “川、溪、小河”指比江、河小的溪、小河等。 Ⅲ. broom “小溪、小河”指流量極小的stream. §297 road/ street/ way
Ⅰ. road 指人和交通工具通行的“路”,也借喻:“導致……的途徑”如: Where does the road lead to? 這條路通什么地方? It is the road to success. 這是成功之路。 Ⅱ. street “街道”指由建筑物夾成的路。無road用法廣泛。 Don’t play in the street. Ⅲ. way 不是指實實在在的路,而是指達到特定的地點所須經過的地方。與方向有關。如: It is a long way from here to the station. 從這兒到車站有一大段路程。 Which is the shortest way there?到那兒去哪條路最近? §298 say/ speak/ talk/ tell
Ⅰ. say “說、講”普通用語,指用言語表達思想,強調所說的內容。如: What did he say? 他說了些什么? He said that it was true. 他說那是真實的。 Ⅱ. speak “說、講”可表示以任何一種方式說話。它著重于說話這一動作本身。而不強調所說的內容。為不及物動詞。作及物動詞時與表語言的詞連用。如: Please speak more slowly. 請說得慢一些。 The baby is learning to speak. 這小孩在學說話。 She can speak English fluently. 她英語說得很流利。 Ⅲ. talk “談話、講話”,通常表連貫地與別人談話。強調談話這一動作,而不是內容。如: He was talking to a friend. 他在和一個朋友談話。 He went on talking for a long time, but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said. 他滔滔不絕地講了半天,但是他說得太快,我們幾乎沒有什么人能聽懂他說的些什么。 She is always talking nonsense. 她總愛講廢話。 Ⅳ. tell “告訴、講述”指將某事講給別人聽。它有時還有“吩咐、命令”等含義。如: He told the news to everybody in the village. 他把這消息告訴了村子里的每個人。 She told me not to write the letter. 她叫我不要寫信了。 §299 seat/ sit
Ⅰ.seat 多用作名詞。表“座位”,當它用作動詞時表“坐、就座”,是及物動詞,與反身代詞連用。如: He seated himself at a desk. 他在桌旁坐下。 Please be seated , gentlemen.請就座,各位先生。 Please go back to your seat. 請回到你的座位上去。 Ⅱ. sit 為不及物動詞。如: ①Sit down , please. §300 see sb doing sth/ do sth
Ⅰ.see sb doing sth. “看見某人正在做某事”,用動詞的-ing形式作賓語補足語,表動作正在進行。 Ⅱ.see sb do sth. “見到某人做了某事”,表動作發生了,即動作的全部過程已經結束了。類似的動詞還有:hear, feel, watch,等感官動詞,及have, let, make等使役動詞。如: ① She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看見一個男孩進了人的教室。 ② I saw him walking in the street.我看見他正在街上散步。 ③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in. 老師進來時,聽見Jim在讀英語。 §301 so…that / such…that
Ⅰ. so that 可引導目的狀語從句和結果狀語從句,引導目的狀語從句時,句中常有情態動詞can, could 等。如: They climbed higher so that they might see farther. 他們爬得更高,以便看得更遠。 I got up early this mornign so that I caught the first bus. 今天早晨我起得很早,結果趕上了頭班車。 Ⅱ. so …that “如此……以致……”,so 是副詞,在其后可跟形容詞或副詞,再跟that引導結果狀語從句。如: He spoke so fast that no one could understand him. 他說得太快,沒人能聽得懂。 The T-shirt cost so little that she bought several. 那件T恤衫很便宜,她買了好幾件。 Ⅲ. such … that 與so … that 同意。但such 后跟名詞或名詞短語。如: She is such a girl that everyone likes her. 她是個人人喜歡的女孩。 He made such raped progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 他進步如此之快,以至于不久就開始用英語給一家美國報紙撰稿了。 [注]:如果名詞前為many 修飾時,用so 而不用such. 見下節例子。 §302 so/ such
Ⅰ. 兩者都可以表“這樣、如此”之意。So 是副詞,用來修飾形容詞或副詞。如: I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高興。 He writes so well. 他寫得這么好。 Ⅱ. Such 是形容詞, 用來修飾單數可數名詞,其后需加不定冠詞 a 或an. 如: He told us such a funny story. 他給我講了一個很有趣的故事。 You are interested in such things. 你對這樣的事感興趣。 [注意]:當單數可數名詞前面有形容詞修飾時,也可以有 so, 但要調整冠詞的位置。 He told us so funny a story. 他給我講了一個如此有趣的故事。 如果被修飾的名詞前有表 “多”或“少”這兩個意義的 many, much, small 和 little 時,用 so 而不用 such. 如: Don’t bame him. He is just such a little boy. 別責備他,他只是這么小的一個孩子。 We have a long way to go yet, but there’s so little water left. 我們還有很長的路要走,但所剩的水已很少了。 §304 socks/ stockings
Ⅰ. socks 指不到膝蓋的“短襪”如: He bought a pair of nylon socks. 他買了一雙尼龍襪。 My socks have been darned [da:nd] again and again. 我襪子已經一補再補。 Ⅱ. stockings 指到膝蓋或過膝蓋的“長襪”。 如: She bought a pair of silk stockings. 她買了一雙長絲襪。 §305 some time/ sometime/ sometimes/some times
Ⅰ,sometime,是副詞, 意為“在某個時候”,可與將來時連用,也可以與過去時連用。如: He was here sometime last year. 去年某一時候他在此地。 We shall visit the Science Museum sometime next week. 我們將在下周的某一時候去參觀科學館。 Ⅱ.some time 是名詞詞組,意為“一段時間”。也可副詞詞組,用來指一個未肯定的時間,常指將來,可與sometime通用。 I stayed here for some time. 我在這兒呆了一段時間。 Let’s have dinner some time(=sometime) next week. 下星期我們找個時間一塊吃頓飯。 Ⅲ.sometimes. “有時、不時”,是頻度副詞,常與一般現在時或過去時連用。如: Sometimes they make modes ships.有時他們制作輪船模型。 Ⅳ.some times “幾次、幾倍” 表次數或倍數。如: We have been there some times. 我們去那兒幾次了。 §306 sound/ voice/ noise
Ⅰ. sound “聲音”,為最常用詞,指可以聽到的任何聲音,強的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意義的或無意義的。如: I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看書時,突然聽到隔壁房間有聲音。 Not a sound was heard. 聽不到一點聲音。 Ⅱ. noise 常指太響或人們不愿聽到的聲音,“嘈雜聲、喧鬧聲”。 I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到車輛噪聲的打擾。 The boys made too much noise. 孩子們太吵鬧了。 Ⅲ. voice 指“說話聲”“唱歌聲”“嗓音”如: That sounds like Mary’s voice. 那聲音聽起來好象瑪麗的聲音。 She has lost her voice.她嗓子啞了。 §307 space/ universe
Ⅰ. space “宇宙”指“空間,時間”如: The earth moves through space.地球在太空中運行。 The moon is our nearest neighbour in space and men have visited it already. 在宇宙里,月球是我們最近的鄰居,人們已經訪問過它了。 There isn’t enough space in the classroom for thirty desks. 教室里沒有足夠的空間放三十張桌子。 Ⅱ. universe “宇宙”是世界上獨一無二的。前要用定冠詞the. 除指時、空外,還指在時、空內萬事萬物。 Our world is only a small part of the universe.我們的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。 §308 steal/ rob
Ⅰ. steal “偷”, 指暗中盜取,句型為“steal +被盜物+from+被盜人或地點”。如: Their car was stolen。他們的汽車被偷了。 He stole some money from her. 他偷了她的錢。 Ⅱ. rob “搶劫”,指公然用暴力搶劫他人物品,句型為:“rob+被盜人或地點+of+被盜物”。如: Their car was robbed. 他們的汽車被搶了。 He robbed her of her money. 他搶了她的錢。 [注]:和steal相關的名詞是 “thief”(賊,小偷);和rob相關的名詞是robber “強盜,盜賊” §309 stop doing sth/ stop to do sth/
stop from doing sth Ⅰ.stop doing sth.“停止做某事”表停止正在做的事情。如: They stoped talking to me. 他們中斷了與我交談。 Stop running about. 不要亂跑。 Ⅱ.stop to do sth. “停下來去做某事”即停止正在做的事,而去做另一件事。不定式為stop的目的狀語。如: They stopped to talk to me. 他們停下來和我交談。 Let’s stop to have a rest 讓我們停下來休息一會兒。 Ⅲ.stop (sb/sth).from doing sth. “阻止某人/物不要做某事”from可省略。=prevent sb. from doing sth; keep sb. from doing sth. 但keep~ 中的from不能省略。如: We must stop him (from) doing such a foolish thing. 我們必須阻止他做這樣的蠢事。 The Green Great Wall stopped the wind blowing the sand to the field of the south. You’d better keep the fire 你最好 §310 stop/ station
Ⅰ.stop 表“站”,一般指路途的公共汽車停靠點。 Ⅱ.station 著重指車、船等的始發和終點站,范圍較前者在。如:The bus stop is in front of the station. §311 subject/ theme/ topic
Ⅰ. subject “題目、科目” 是應用最廣泛的用語,可指討論、研究、寫作或藝術創作等的題目。如: Let’s change the subject. 讓我們改換話題吧。 I have studied the subject. 我研究過這個題目。 Ⅱ. theme “題目、主題”,尤指文學或藝術作品的主題。如: The students are discussing the theme of a novel. 學生們在討論小說的主題。 Waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter. 瀑布很早就是畫家喜愛的主題。 Ⅲ. topic “題目”指選定作為個人寫篇文章或一些人進行討論的題目。如: The students were asked to write an essay [e`sei ]on one of the assigned [?`saind] (指派)topies. 要求學生根據指定題目當中的一題寫文章。 Baseball is their favourite topic of conversation. 棒球運動是他們最喜好談論的話題。 [注]: title 指書籍、詩歌、圖畫等的名稱以及標題。 §312 surprise/ surprising/ surprised
Ⅰ.surprise作名詞,意為“驚奇,詫異”。如: To my surprise,they lost! 使我驚奇的是他們輸了! He said to me in surprise, “Can’t you skate?” 他驚奇地對我說:“你不會滑冰”? Ⅱ.surprise作及物動詞,意為“使人驚奇,使感到意外”。如:①You surprise me. 你真使我驚奇。 Ⅲ.surprising是現在分詞作形容詞用,意為“使驚奇的,出人意料的”,常指物。如: The surprising success makes us very happy. 這出人意料的成功使我們非常高興。 Ⅳ.surpised是過去分詞作形容詞用,指人“對。。。。。。感到驚奇”。如: We’re surprised at your words. 對你的話我們感到詫異。 [聯想] 現在分詞作形容詞表“進行”,“主動”的含意;而過去分詞常表“完成”,“被動”的含意。類似的詞還有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如: I was surprised at the news. 我對這消息感到吃驚。 The news is surprising. 這消息令人感到驚奇。 We are all interested in her idea. 我們對她的想法感興趣。 She has an interesting idea. 她有一個有趣的想法。 §313 talk with/ talk of/ talk on/ talk about
Ⅰ. talk with 后接的對象作賓語,介詞with可用to代替。如: He was talking with / to a friend. 他在與一位朋友談話。 Ⅱ. talk about “談論”,后接談話的內容,賓語可以是人,也可以是物。如: What are you talking about ?你們在談論什么? Let’s not talk about it now. 咱們別談這事了。 Ⅲ. talk of “談到、談及”,與talk about 同義,只是talk of 僅指“淺談表面現象(如作者、書名等)”如: We often talk of you. 我們常談到你。 Ⅳ. talk on “論述”不僅指內容,而且還指評論。如: They seldom talk on politics in those days. 那時候他們很少談論政治。 §314 telephone/ ring/ ring up
Ⅰ. telephone “打電話”是及物動詞,后接名詞、代詞或從句。也可作不及物動詞,其后用介詞to再接賓語。它可縮略為phone.多用于口語中。如: Did you telephone Li Lei? Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow. He telephoned that he couldn’t attend the meeting. Ⅱ. ring “打電話”可用作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如: He wanted you to ring him. 他要你打電話給他。 此外:ring for 按鈴叫(某人);ring back 回電話;ring off掛斷電話。 Ⅲ. ring up “給……打電話”(= call up)如: ①I will ring him up. 我會打電話給他。 §315 tell of/ tell about
一般情況下tell of 可與tell about 換用。Tell之后常接表示人的名詞或代詞,介詞of與about后接談到的事情或內容。但在表示提起某事時傾向于tell of ;在表示詳細地講述有關情況時,傾向于tell about。如: Have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告訴你母親了嗎? I told her about that the other day. 前些天我和她談了這件事。 §316 thanks for/ thanks to
Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “為……謝”強調謝的原因。如: Thanks for lending me your umbrella.謝謝你借給我雨傘。 Thank you for your dictionary. 謝謝你的字典。 Ⅱ. thanks to “多虧了……”;“由于……的幫助”相當于because of …或 with the help of … , 在此短語中,to是一個介詞,后接名詞或代詞。如: Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多虧這位醫生,我身體又康復了。 Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多虧了老師的幫助,我們都及格了。 Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多虧了你的幫助,我才能按時完成工作。 §317 that/ who/ which
Ⅰ. 引導定語從句的關系代詞有:who, whom, whose(一般指人),which(一般指物),that ( 指人或物)等。關系副詞有:where(地點)when(時間), why(原因)等。 Ⅱ. that 在從句中指物,也可指人,可作主語和賓語。如: Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常會引起重病。(that 在句中指物,用作主語) Do you have everything that you need? (that在從句中指物,用作賓語) 你所需要的東西都有了嗎? He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在從句中指人,用作賓語) 他時剛才他們談論的那個人。 Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你認識剛才講話的人嗎? Ⅲ. who 和whom 在句中指人,分別作主語和賓語。如: A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health. ( who 在從句中用作主語) 醫生是保護人們健康的人。 I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在從句中用作賓語) 我剛遇上一位我上星期見過的人。 Ⅳ.which 在從句中指物,可作主語和賓語。如: My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which 在從句中作主語) 我阿姨不在剛才到達的那列火車上。 This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作賓語)這就是你要的那件外套。 Ⅴ. whose 在從句中多指人,也可指物,用作定語。如: You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定語) 只有你的話他可能聽。 I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一個窗戶面臨大海的房間。 [注意]:在下述情況下,定語從句中關連詞只能用 that. : Ⅰ. 先行詞是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代詞時,如: Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科學家知道這追求意味著什么。 I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的東西。 Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我們對見到的一切都感興趣。 There is little that I can use. 我能用的東西幾乎沒有。 He saw much that was bad. 他見了很多壞東西。 [注]:① 先行詞是 something 時,關系代詞用 that 或 which 都可以。 ② 先行詞是:someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 時,關系代詞用 that 或 who 都可以。 Ⅱ. 先行詞被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修飾時,如: I have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你給我的書全都看了。 He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天來的人。 Ⅲ. 先行詞被序數詞、形容詞最高級 修飾時。如: This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 這是第一篇他用英語寫的作文。 The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在顯微鏡下我們能看見的最小的東西是細菌。 This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的最好的小說。 Ⅳ. 先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修飾時。 That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜歡的花。 This is the very book that I want to find. 這正是我想要的書。 The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我們最后參觀的是化工廠。 Ⅴ. 當有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時,定語從句只能用that 與主句連接,而不能用who / whom / which引導。如: He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited . 他談了關于他訪問過的老師和學校的情況。 Ⅵ. 當主句是以 who 或which 開頭的特殊疑問句時,關連詞只能用that . 而不能用 who / whom / which. 如: Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在門口的那人是誰。 Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我們當中哪一個懂物理的人不知道這個? [注]:在使用一些固定搭配的短語動詞時,that 與其它關系詞有時可以互用,其介詞不能提前,而必須放在動詞之后,這時指物用that, which 均可,指人時用who, whom, that 均可. ① This is the key which / that you are looking for. ② He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依賴的人。 The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother. §318 think of / think about/think over
Ⅰ. think of “想起、記起;有……想法、看法;對……有意見;考慮” 如: ① Will you think of me after I’ve left? 我離開后,你還會記著我嗎? ② I know the person you mean,but I can’t think of his name. 我知道你講的人是誰,但記不起他的名字。 We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year.我們今年有 到西班牙去休假的想法(打算)。 What do you think of my new dress? 你認為我的新衣服怎么樣?(可與think about 互換) She thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考慮任何人。 Ⅱ. 當它作“想到過去的某事”或“考慮到某事”解時,常與think about 通用。即:“……考慮”;“對……看法” We have many things to think of / about before going there. 在動身去那之前,我們還有許多事情要考慮。 見Ⅰ④ Ⅲ.think about 可以表“想、回想”著重于想的過程。如: I am thinking about the friends I have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。 [注]:think of 可以表“想象一下,想想”而think about 則不能。—→Think of your mother!想想你的母親吧! —→Think of the danger! 想象一下危險吧! Ⅳ.think over “仔細考慮”其中over 是副詞。如: ①I will think the thing over. 我要把這事仔細考慮一下。 §319 think much(well) of/ think highly of/
think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of Ⅰ. speak highly of “高度評價,贊揚”,相當于 think highly of 如: Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我們校長在會上高度贊揚了我班的同學。 The people speak highly of the TV play. 人們對這部電視劇評價很高。 [注] speak 構成的短語: speak English 講英語(某種語言);speak to sb. 和某人交談; speak well / ill of 說……的好/壞話;speak like a book 大膽地說 speak for oneself 為自己辯護。 Ⅱ. think much well of “對……印象很好”如: We all think well of your suggestion. 我們都認為你的建議很好。 Ⅲ. think little / poorly / badly of “對……印象不好”如: You thought very badly of him at first, didn’t you? 起初你對他印象很壞,是吧? Ⅳ. think much of “比……更看重(考慮得多)”如: He thought more of health than of money. 和金錢相比他更看重健康。 Ⅴ. sing high praise for “高度贊揚某人/某物” §320 till/ until till 和until 都可作介詞或連詞,其用法有兩種: Ⅰ. 在肯定句中,意為“到……為止”謂語動詞一般要求是延續的。如: I shall stay here till / until next day.我將留在這兒一直到下星期天。 Ⅱ. 在否定句中,意為“直到……才……”,表這個動詞的動作直到till / until所表示的時間才發生。如: They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他們要等到增加了工資才復工。 §321 to do sth/ doing sth
動詞不定式(to do sth)與動詞的ing 形式,都是非謂語動詞。一般地, 不定式表示:具體的,某一次特定的或將來的行為。而動詞的-ing 形式則表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在進行的行為。在句中都能作:主語,賓語,定語,狀語,賓補等。如: I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜歡游泳,但今天我不想去。 [注]:下列動詞接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意義: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. §322 towards/ to / for
Ⅰ. for “向……”,接在leave, start, depart 等動詞之后,表方向。如: She is leaving for Beijing. 她將動身到北京去。 Ⅱ. towards 僅表“方向”,比for 的意味要強。如: He is coming towards the house. 他向這房子走來。 Ⅲ. to “向,朝……”表目的地。接在動詞come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如: Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 讓咱們乘船去楊州吧! Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 當他回英國不久后,他的父親便去世了。 §323 treat/ heal
二者都是動詞,treat意為“治療”,強調用藥物或醫療手段醫治的過程,并不表示治療了效果。heal意為“治愈”,指醫好傷病。如: The dentist is treating his teeth.牙醫在為他治牙。 The doctor healed my burns. 醫生治好了我的燒傷。 §324 used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/
be used to do sth/ would Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“過去常常做某事”(現在不做了),只用于過去時態。如: He used to get up early.過去他常早起。(現在已不這樣了) Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母親過去常在周五去購物,但現在她周日去了。 Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “習慣于做某事”,be used 是被動語態結構。可用于現在、過去、將來多種時態。Be可用get, become等代替。如: He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他將會/ 已經習慣于早起。 Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”, be used 是被動語態結構,其中不定式表目的,可用于多種時態。如: Wood is used to make paper.木材用來造紙。 [注]:used to 的否定式有兩種:一是:used not to 二是:didn’t use to 如: ① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸過去不抽煙。 They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country. 其疑問式是將used 提前,或添加助動詞 did. Ⅳ.would 是情態動詞,沒有象used to那樣,有過去和現在的對比。不能說明是否現在還做不做。 §325 very / right / just
Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如: Mike lives right opposite the street.麥克就住在街對面。 There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有塊在石頭。 Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在這兒出事的。 She’ll be right back. 她馬上就回來。 Ⅱ. Just 作為副詞,常用在祈使句前以加強語氣。如: Just think of the result. 試想一下后果吧。 Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。 Just wait a moment, please.請稍等。 Ⅲ. very 作為形容詞,常與the, this或my, your等連用,以加強語氣,表“正是那個”“恰好的”等。如: You are the very person I’m looking for. (= You are the right person …) 你正是我要找的人。 The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那兩個男子就是在這個地方打起來的。 §326 why not/ why don’t
此兩者都是表建議的句型,一般可以代換。類似的還有: Let’s… Shall I / we … ? How / What about … ? Ⅰ. why not “好的、可以呀、為什么不可以呢?”如: ①--Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? –Why not? Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去問一問你的老師呢? 此外還可表一種不可理解的心情: ① --I won’t see the film again. – Why not? Ⅱ. why don’t 是一種友好的建議(a friendly suggestion).無論在什么場合,使用起來十分親切。后面接主語。如: Why don’t you go swimming? 為什么不去游泳呢? Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我給莉莉一些彩筆,好嗎? §327 work / job
Ⅰ.job “工作”,既可指固定的工作,也可指臨時的或某項具體的工作,是可數名詞,前面可用不定冠詞a, 也可以有復數形式。如: John lost his job. John失業了。 There were just not enough jobs.沒有 那么多的工作(可干)。 Tom’s father is looking for a job. Ⅱ,work 是個普通用詞,泛指一切工作,是不可數名詞。如: I have a lot of work to this evening. 教師的工作就是教學。 A teacher’s work is teaching.老師的工作就是教學。 [聯想]:搭配 apply/hung for a job.求職 get/ find a job.找到一份工作 lose one’s job。失業 perform odd job.打零工 quit a job. 辭職 have/work a side job 兼職 take a part-time/full-time job in a department store. 在百貨公司擔任兼職或專職工作。 §328 work at/ work on/ work out
Ⅰ. work at 與work on 都可以作“從事于”,后接名詞、代詞、或動詞-ing 形式作賓語。 Work at 側重于表示所從事的工作和性質,而不在于說明正在做什么。此時可將work at 譯為“學習,研究,寫作,致力于”等。如: They have worked at this subject for many years. 他們研究這個課題已經有好多年了。 He is working at a new invention. 他正致力于一項新的發明。 Ⅱ. work on 側重于表示“從事某項工作”。可將它譯為“造;創作;畫;做……”。賓語為其具體的對象。常用于進行時態和完成時態。還可表示:“繼續工作;對……起作用”如: We’re workin on some wood-cuts. 他們正在創作一些木刻作品。 He has been working on this painting for days. 這張畫他已畫了好些天了。 They will work on till sunset. 他們將繼續工作,直到日落。 This medicine will work on the affected part. 這藥能對患部起作用。 §329 worth/ worthy
Ⅰ.worth可用作名詞或形容詞,作名詞時,意為“價值”,無復數形式;也可解作“值一定金額的數量”如: Nobody knew the true worth of his work. 沒有人知道他的工作的真實價值。 Give me one yuan’s worth of apples. 給我一元錢的蘋果。 worth 作形容詞時,只能用作表語,不能作定語,其后常跟錢數或相當于錢的詞,表示:“值多少錢”;跟動詞的-ing 形式,表示“值得(做)……”。如: The dictionary is worth 5 yuan. 這本字典值5元錢。 The play is worth seeing. 這場戲值得一看。 Ⅱ.worthy 是形容詞,意為“值得”,主要用作表語,后跟of , 再接名詞或動詞-ing 的被動形式。Worthy 后也可跟不定式。如表被動意思須接不定式的被動語態。如: She is worthy of help. 她值得幫助。 The watch is worthy of being bought. 這塊表值得買 The question is worthy to be discussed. 這個問題值得討論。 |
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