|
①by the year/hour/day按年/小時(shí)/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+單位名稱(chēng))但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按噸計(jì)。 ②表泛指的方式、手段 by post/mail郵寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(電訊器材)，by electricity用電，by machinery用電器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop ③交通工具類(lèi) by bus/train/car/taxi(road) by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot by plane/jet/spaceship,by air by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water 另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 經(jīng)由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-sion)。 ④表方式、手段的其他用法 He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具機(jī)器) One smells with his nose.(with+人體器官，但by hand“手工，用手”) He stood up with pride.(with+情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞) 注意：使用語(yǔ)言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意) （8）表示“除……之外”的幾組常用介紹比較。 ①besides 除……以外，（還有）。作副詞時(shí)意思是“而且，更何況”。 Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我們都去了電影院。 It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired. ②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。 We all went except John.我們都去了，約翰沒(méi)有。 在否定句中，兩詞可以換用，如： He has no other hats except / besides this one. ③except for除了……（對(duì)句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說(shuō)明）后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時(shí)與except that + 句子意思相同。 He was very clever except for carelessness. ④except that … 除了……一點(diǎn)以外。 He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. ⑤but與except but和except在表示“除了……以外”時(shí)可以通用，但應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)： ①前面有不定人詞、疑問(wèn)代詞在意義上對(duì)稱(chēng)時(shí)，多用but。 All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. ②后接不定式短語(yǔ)為排除對(duì)象時(shí)，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to） ③but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。 have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是…… （9）between與among. between通常指兩者之間。也可以用于三者以上的兩者之間。如： Ann is between Tom and Bill. Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作) She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地，一個(gè)接一個(gè)地忙這忙那) A horse can be seen between trees now. among表示三者以上之間。如： The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. He was happy to be among friends again. We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我們必須達(dá)成共識(shí)。 London is among the largest cities.( = one of與最高級(jí)連用) （10）表原因的介詞for、because of、due to。 He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his coming late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11)不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的for、of。 這里所說(shuō)的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。 ①It is clever of you to answer it like that. ②It is quite hard for me to explain why. 注意：兩句中的of和for的使用，表語(yǔ)形容詞能夠說(shuō)明不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時(shí)用of,如果說(shuō)明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等則用for。 （12）兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。 ①after、since、till / still、before這些詞既是介詞，又是連詞。 The children went home at once after school. They went to bed after they had finished the job. ②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。 He ran down the hill.（介詞） Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副詞) ③有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。 All the students got to school before me.(before為介詞) We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞) Haven’t I seen you before?(before為副詞) （13）介詞的省略。 ①表示時(shí)間的介詞on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等詞之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如（at）last weekend、（on）that day等。 ②介詞for表示時(shí)間的省略要求。（A）以all開(kāi)頭的名詞短語(yǔ)，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.（B）表示一段時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading. ③某些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)之后的介詞可以省略。 Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job. She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it. （14）某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。 ①要求接to的名詞有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。 ②要求接in 的名詞有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。 He is expert in teaching small children. (15)幾個(gè)常用的并列連詞。 ①both … and, either … or, neither … nor both … and“雙方都”，連接句子的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。either … or與neither … nor注意采取“就近原則”。 注意：兩者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象不同，not only … but also強(qiáng)調(diào)的是but also之后部分，而as well as則強(qiáng)調(diào)其前面的部分。not only … but also采取“就近原則”，而as well as只是一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，采取“就遠(yuǎn)原則”。如： Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit. not only … but also結(jié)構(gòu)中的not only可用于句首，連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，第一個(gè)從句主謂要倒裝。 Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working. （16）幾個(gè)常用的從屬連詞。 ①when、while、as都表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”，when引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)詞可同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可先后發(fā)生；as、while引導(dǎo)的從句則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如： When I go to the station, the train had already left. He sang merrily as he was working. ②till、until均表示“到……時(shí)候止”，肯定句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作。如：I worked till late at night.若主句謂語(yǔ)是終止性動(dòng)詞，則主句要用否定形式，意為動(dòng)作“到……才……”開(kāi)始發(fā)生。如： She didn’t get up until her mother came in. 注意：till和until通常情況下可以互換，只是在句首時(shí)until比till更常用。 ③though、although均引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“雖然……”，although較正式，though最常用。如： Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working. 注意：though、although引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but、however連用，但可以與yet、still連用。though還可以與別的詞結(jié)合使用，如even though、as though,而although則不能這樣搭配。 ④no sooner … than、hardly … when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“剛剛……就”的意思。（A）as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且有備各種時(shí)態(tài)。如：As soon as she gets here I’ll tell it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(B)hardly ⑤某些表示時(shí)間的名詞（詞組）也可用作從屬連詞。它們是：the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn,winter),every(each,next, any) time(day),by the time,都可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如： His mother died the spring he returned. Call me up the minute he arrives. |
|
|
來(lái)自： 許愿真 > 《初中語(yǔ)法》
