一、延續性動詞 延續性動詞表示的動作不但可以延續,而且可以產生持久的影響。常見的這類動詞有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延續性動詞的用法很廣,但常見于現在完成時中的句子中,且常與for,how,long,since等引導的表示一段時間的狀語或狀語從句連用。例如: 1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China. 自從來到中國,我已經學會了l,000多個漢字。 2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自從來到這兒,我們就一直住在臨清。 3.I have kept the picture for about three years.這張畫我保存了大約三年。 二、終止性動詞 終止性動詞又稱為瞬間動詞或非延續性動詞,它表示的動作不能延續,也就是說動作一旦發生就立即結束,并產生某種結果。常見的這類動詞有:accept,arrive,become,begin,borrow,break,buy,catch,close,come,die,end,fall,finish,get,give,go,join,leave,put,reach,receive,shut,start,stop等。終止性動詞用在現在完成時要注意下面三點: (一)終止性動詞可直接用來表示某一動作的完成。例如: 1.They have reached Shanghai.他們已經到達了上海。 2.Has he gone to London? 他已經到倫敦去了嗎? (二)終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續,所以,在現在完成時中一般不能和以since,for等引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如: 1.那老人已經死了一周了。The old man has died for a week.(誤) 2.他三天前就已經來這兒了。He has come here since three days ago.(誤) 在以上兩句中,die和come都是終止性動詞,可用于現在完成時,但不能與以 since或for引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。那么,上面兩個句子應該怎樣譯成英語呢?請看下面四種譯法: 1.把終止性動詞改為延續性的動詞。例如: ①The old man has been dead for a week. ②He has been here since three days ago. 2.把原句中的一段時間改為表示“過去”的時間,時態由現在完成時改變成一般過去時。例如: ①The old man died a week ago. ②He came here three days ago. 3.用“It is+時間+since…”句式。例如: ①It is/has been a week since the old man died. ②It has been/is three days since he came here. 4.用“多長時間+has passed+since…”句式。例如: ①A week has passed since the old men died. ②Three days had passed since he came here. (三)有關特殊終止性動詞的用法。 1.在while(表示一段時間)引導的從句里,謂語動詞不能使用終止性動詞,但可以把while改成when,這樣,從句里的謂語動詞就可以使用終止性動詞了。因為when既可以表示時間的“點”,又可以表示時間的“段”。例如: While he got to America.he found his English Was very poor.(誤) When he got t0 America.he found his English was very poor.(正) 2.終止性動詞的否定式與until連用時,意為“直到……才/不到什么時間不……”等。例如: Don’t get off until the bus stops.車未停穩,切勿下車。 3.終止性動詞不可以與how long引導的句式連用。例如: How long have you borrowed the magazine?(誤) When did you borrow the magazine?(正) How long have you kept the magazine?(正) |
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