延續性動詞與終止性動詞: 動詞按其動作發生的方式,動作發生過程的長短,分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。 延續性動詞表示的動詞是一種延續的動作,這種動詞可以延續下去或產生持久的影響。如:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep, have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live終止性動詞也稱非延續性動詞、瞬間動詞,表示的動作不能延續,即動作發生立即結束,產生某種結果。在有了某種結果之后,就不能再繼續下去。如:leave,start,set out,arrive,reach,get to,begin, stop,shut,turn off,marry,put,put on,get up,wake,fall,join,receive, finish,end,complete,become,come,go,die,close,open,break,give, jump,buy,borrow等。 1.終止性動詞的用法
1)終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作的完成,因此可用于現在完成時。如: The plane has arrived飛機到了。 I have finished my homework.我已完成了作業。 2)終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續,所以其現在完成時(只限于肯定式)不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如: ①他死了三年了。誤:He has died for three years. ②他來這兒三個月了。誤:he has come here for three months.
①②兩句中的動詞die和come都為終止性動詞,它們可用于完成時,但不能同表示一段時間的狀語for three years /months連用。 那這兩句如何譯成英語呢? 我們可采用下列方法: A.用能夠表示持續狀態的相應的延續性動詞替換句中的終止性動詞。 如: ①He has been dead for three years. ②He has been here for three months. 將短暫性動詞改為相應的延續性動詞或短語和一段時間連用,其常用的方法有如下幾種: a.用相應的延續性動詞替換的主要有: buy→have,borrow→ keep,come /go /become→be,catch /get a cold→have a cold,get to know→know等。 b.be+名詞:join the Party /League→be a Party /League member, go to school→be a student,join the army→be a soldier等。 c.be+形容詞/副詞:die→be dead,leave→be away(from),put on→be on,finish /end→be over,begin /start→be on,come→be here / in,fall asleep→be asleep,go out→be out等。 d.be+介詞短語:go to school→be in /at school,join the army→ be in the army等。 e.去掉短語中的短暫性動詞:get to know→know,come to work→work,begin to study→study等。
B.把誤句中表示一段時間的狀語改為表示過去時間的狀語,原動詞的完成時改為過去時。如: ①He died three years ago. ②He came here three months ago.
C.用“It is /has been +一段時間+since(一般過去時)”結構。如: ①It is /has been three years since he died. ②It is /has been three months since he came here.
D.用“多長時間+has passed +since(一般過去時)”結構。如: ①Three years has passed since he died. ②Three months has passed since he came here.
3)終止性動詞現在完成時的否定式,已成為一種可以延續的狀態,因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如: I haven't heard from him for two weeks.我已兩個星期沒收到他的信了.
4)終止性動詞的否定式同until一起連用,構成“not...until”結構,意為“直到……才……”, 表示這個動作直到until所表達的時間到來時才發生。如: We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops. 直到雨停了我們才會去參觀長城。 —When did you go to bed last night?昨晚你幾點鐘點上床睡覺的? —I didn't go to bed until my father got home.直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡覺。
5)在while(表示“一段時間”)引導的從句中,不能用終止性動詞,但when可以,因為when可表示“時間的點”,也可表示“一段時間”。 如: 誤:While I got to the village,it was dark. 正:When I got to the village,it was dark.
6)終止性動詞肯定式的完成時不能和how long連用。 如: 誤:How long have you borrow the book? 可改用延續性動詞或與when連用的一般過去時。 正:How long have you kept the book? 正:When did you borrow the book?
2.延續性動詞的用法 1)延續性動詞可以用于現在完成時,其完成時可以同一段時間狀語連用。 如:I have waited for him for nearly two hours.我等他快兩個小時了。
2)終止性動詞不能和表一段時間的狀語連用。同樣,延續性動詞也不能和表示短暫時間的時間點連用。 如: 誤:It rained at eight yesterday morning. rain為延續性動詞,而at eight是表示時間點的狀語,顯然矛盾。 如果要用延續性動詞表示一瞬間的行為,可以借助come,get, begin等終止性動詞來表達。 上句可改為: It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
3)在until引導的時間狀語從句中,若主句的謂語動詞是持續性動詞,既可以用肯定形式,也可以用否定形式,但句子含義不同。 試比較: She listened to the radio until her father came back. 她一直聽收音機到她父親回來。 She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back. 直到她父親回來才聽收音機。
【強化訓練】 (1)My brother ____ the Youth League for two years. A.has been in B.has entered C.has taken part in D.has joined in ⑵—____have you been away from home? —(I have been away from home)For five years. A.How much B.What time C.How long D.When (3)The meeting ____ for five hours. A.has finished B.has ended C.has been over D.has stopped (4)When Jack arrived,he and Mary______ for almost an hour. A.had gone B.had set off C.had left D.had been away (5)The baby ____ for eleven hours. A.fell asleep B.has fallen asleep C.has got to sleep D.has been asleep (6)While I ____ Beijing,it was raining very hard. A.got to B.reached C.arrived in D.visited (7)—How long have you ____ ? —Since two years ago. A.fallen ill B.been ill C.left home D.married (8)—What was the party like? —Wonderful.It's years ____ I enjoyed myself so much. A.after B.when C.before D.since (9)—It is weeks since he ____ . —So it is.We'd better ask someone else to help us. A.fell ill B.was ill C.is ill D.has been ill (10)I'll lend you my book,but you can only__it for three days. A.borrow B.keep C.take D.got
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