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編 前 語 近期，中國沿海連續發生了多起重大航行事故，無論是作為海事監管機構，還是船長、船員，都要提高警惕，總結經驗教訓。一位有著多年航行經驗的老船長，針對這些事故發生的原因，總結了如何避免船舶碰撞事故的經驗和建議，我們來看看... 近期中國沿海的多起重大航行事故：  ? 2019年3月12日8時44分，香港南丫島錨地以南水域，發生撞船事故，一艘油輪與漁船發生碰撞，導致漁船沉沒。 At 08:44 on March 12, 2019, a collision occurred in waters south of Lamma Island anchorage in Hong Kong. An oil tanker collided with a fishing boat, causing fishing boat sank. ? 2019年3月12日1時09分，浙江岱山縣一艘漁船在返航時與大型貨船發生碰撞，漁船沉沒，船上14人落水，2人救起， 12人失聯。 At 01:09 on March 12, 2019, a fishing boat collided with a cargo ship while backing to homeport in county of Daishan, Zhejiang province, causing fishing boat sank, fourteen people fell overboard, two were rescued and 12 were missing. ? 2019年2月28日1時30分，在浙江舟山近海，兩條16萬載重噸油輪發生碰撞，雖未造成人員傷亡，但兩條油輪的外板及肋骨均多處大面積嚴重受損，同時由于兩條油輪均載有大量的貨油，因此對環境造成了重大威脅。 At 01:30 on February 28, 2019, two tankers of 160,000 DWT collided off the coast of Zhoushan, Zhejiang province, even no casualties, but both tankers suffered extensive damage to their hull plates and frames. It poses a major threat to the environment due to both tanks carrying large amounts of cargo. ? 2019年2月23日13時40分，一條漁船在海上作業期間被一貨輪撞沉，兩名船員跳船，立即被同編組漁船救起，其余5名船員失聯。 At 13:40 on 23 February 2019, a fishing boat was sank due to collision with a cargo ship while trawling at sea，two crew members jumped into water and were immediately rescued by a fishing boat nearby, other five crew members were missing. ? 2019年1月12日13時00分，在上海港，兩條貨輪發生了撞船事件，其中一條嚴重受損，另一條被撞后沉沒。 At 13:00 on January 12, 2019, two cargo ships collided in Shanghai port, one of which was seriously damaged and the other sank after collision. 茫茫大海上，“你走你的陽關道，我過我的獨木橋”，為何會頻頻發生不愉快的碰撞行為呢？ 通過分析這些事故案例， 原因基本歸結為以下8點：  1. 駕駛臺值班人員缺乏情景意識，過度依賴航行設備，例如：ARPA和ECDIS; Bridge team lack of situation awareness and only rely on navigational equipment, such as: ARPA and ECDIS; 2. 因人為因素，未正確遵守避碰規則； Due to human factors, the COLREG are not properly observed; 3. 當出現復雜局面和/或有疑惑時，未及時呼叫船長上駕駛臺； When there is a complex situation and/or in doubt, fail to call the captain to the bridge in time; 4. 未做到謹慎駕駛并采用安全航速，復雜水域未備車航行； Do not navigate with caution and using safe speed, M/E is not stand by in complex waters; 5. 不了解漁船的航行習慣及作業方式，不熟悉漁船的號燈及號型； Don't understand the fishing boat's habits of navigation and operation, not familiar with the fishing boat's signal lights and shapes; 6. 安全意識薄弱，疏忽瞭望； Lack of safety awareness and neglect of the lookout; 7. 航行設備使用不當，導致對局面造成錯誤評估、判斷； Improper use of navigational equipment, leads to wrong assessment and judgment of the situation; 8. 計劃航線設計不合理，未經過全部駕駛員認真審核就倉促執行。 The voyage plan designed was unreasonable, and was implemented in haste without careful check by all officers.  原因也知道了，重點是如何避免這些類似的船舶碰撞事故呢？ 重 點 來 啦~
1. 船長需在船進行包括避碰規則在內的關于安全航行的培訓，以加強航行當值人員的安全意識，確保正規了望在任何時間段都能得以維持。 The captain shall train the crew regarding safe navigation on the ship, including COLREG, to enhance the safety awareness of watch keeper and ensure that proper lookout can be maintained at any time. 2. 船長和輪機長應根據當時的航行條件，并依據公司體系文件的規定安排適合當時環境條件的駕駛臺和機艙值班團隊。 The captain and chief engineer shall, in accordance with the prevailing navigational conditions and the company's safety management system, arrange the bridge and engine-room watching team to suitable for the prevailing environmental conditions. 3. 船長應督促船上進行BRM/BTM的訓練，以增強駕駛臺團隊的情景意識，使駕駛臺資源得到更合理利用及保證溝通的有效性。 The captain shall carry out BRM/BTM training on the ship, so as to enhance the situational awareness of the bridge team, make reasonable use of bridge resources and ensure the effectiveness of communication. 4. 駕駛員應認真學習各種導航設備的使用技巧及注意事項，并了解各種導航設備的局限性，以避免因設備使用不當，導致造成錯誤判斷，從而產生碰撞危險，尤其是雷達、電子海圖、AIS的正確使用及相關參數的設定。 Officers should study the skills of usage and precautions of all navigational equipment, and understand their limitations, so as to avoid collision risk due to wrong judgment through improper usage of navigational equipment, especially the correct usage and the setting of relevant parameters of radar, electronic chart, AIS. 5. 復雜水域、能見度不良或認為有必要時，船長應親自指揮操縱船舶，以保證航行安全。 The master shall operate the ship personally to ensure safe navigation in complex waters, poor visibility or when necessary. 6. 與航行無關且可能影響安全航行的任何物品，禁止攜帶入駕駛臺，尤其是手機及各種報刊雜志等。 Any article that is not involved to the navigation and may affect the safe navigation is prohibited to take into the bridge, especially mobile phone, newspaper and magazine, etc. 7. 船長每日就寢前應將有關航行、錨泊要求及注意事項詳細而明確地寫入船長夜航命令簿，并放在規定的地點。 The master shall write down the requirements and matters needing attention regarding navigation and anchoring in detail and explicitly in night order book before bedtime every day, then put it on the specified place. 8. 當值駕駛員應嚴格執行駕駛臺常規命令，接班前認真閱讀船長夜航命令簿，簽字后嚴格執行。 The duty officer should execute the master's standing orders strictly, read the night order book carefully before taking over, and execute it strictly after signature. 9. 計劃航線要經過所有駕駛員認真審核并簽字后，方可實施，以團隊的力量最大限度的減少因人為疏漏，而導致的航行風險。 The voyage plan can only be implemented after carefully checked and signed by all officers, so as to minimize the navigational risk caused by human error. 10. 針對近期，商船與漁船頻繁發生碰撞事故的情況，如下各點供參考： In view of frequent collision accidents happened between merchant ships and fishing boats recently, the following items for your reference: 1）了解漁船的航行習慣及特點： Understand the fishing boat's usually practice of navigation and fishing operation: 和商船相比，漁船出?；蚍岛胶叫袝r往往多條漁船結伴航行，商船要從其中間穿越難度非常大；漁船捕撈作業時專注捕撈，駕駛臺往往無人值守；漁船在能見度不良時，有高速行駛及霧中摸索航行的習慣；漁船在航行時，遇到商船在其附近通過的情況下，喜歡冒險搶大船船頭，造成緊迫局面；部分漁船駕駛員對先進的助導航設施不愿意使用或不會使用； When a fishing boat sails out or back, usually many fishing boats sail together, so it is very difficult for merchant ships to cross between them; Fisherman only focus on fishing when fishing operations, the bridge is often unattended; Fishing boats have the habit of sailing at high speed in poor visibility and grope for sailing in fog; Fishing boats like to take risks to pass the bow of large ships when merchant ships are passing nearby, causing an close-quarters situation; Some fishermen are unwilling or unable to use advanced navigational equipment; 2）在計劃進入漁區航行時，應通過公司、代理提前了解漁船作業情況，科學制定計劃航線，提醒值班駕駛人員加強關注； Before sailing into the fishing area, we should know the situation of the fishing area in advance through the company and the agent, the voyage plan should be made carefully and the duty officers should be reminded to pay more attention to fishing boats; 3）充分考慮能見度和不良氣象影響，結合本船操縱性能、周圍船舶動態和交通密度，保持安全航速； Proceed at a safe speed by taking into full account the visibility, adverse weather effects, the ship's maneuverability, movement of surrounding vessel and traffic density; 4）在夜間和能見度不良時，充分評估本船雷達對漁船等小型物標的探測能力，避免錯誤判斷局面，并適當加強駕駛臺值班； Should be fully aware the radar detection ability on small target such as fishing boats when at night or in poor visibility, to avoid misjudgment to situation, also improve the bridge watching level to meet the prevailing circumstances; 5）必要時船長上駕駛臺指導船舶航行； If necessary, the master shall be on the bridge to operate the ship by himself; 6）在避讓漁船過程中，應考慮漁船操縱性能和作業上的特殊性，特別謹慎地評估現場局面，確保駛過讓清； In the process of giving way to the fishing boat, the maneuverability and the operation particularity of the fishing boat should be considered, make sure to keep well clear; 7）避免在航行時采用自動舵或小角度改向避讓，否則會因漁船難以及時察覺到商船改向，而造成緊迫局面； Action taken to avoid collision with fishing boat, a succession of small alterations of course and/or auto-pilot should be avoided. Otherwise, it will be difficult for fishing boats to detect the course change of the merchant ship in time, causing a close-quarters situation; 8）駕駛臺當值人員要熟悉漁船在進行捕魚作業時的號燈和號型。 OOW should be familiar with the signal lights and shapes of fishing vessels.
不聽老人言，吃虧在眼前... 這些注意事項一定要切記在心， 注意再注意！ 祝大家航行平安。 來源：華洋海事中心張學武船長 |
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