老年股骨轉子間骨折主流的手術方式是髓內釘(頭髓釘)固定,但是髓內釘固定也有并發癥。2015年,O’Malley首次提出楔形撐開外移內翻效應,即股骨轉子間骨折置入頭髓釘后,頭髓釘楔形撐開頭頸骨塊和股骨干,導致股骨干向外移位,頭頸骨塊內翻移位[1]。股骨轉子間骨折置入髓內釘后楔形撐開外移內翻效應的發生率是10%[2]。不能接受的楔形撐開外移內翻效應是撐開寬度>5mm,頭頸骨塊內翻>5°[3]。楔形撐開外移內翻效應的存在,延長了骨折愈合時間,增加了內固定切出等并發癥。 楔形撐開外移內翻效應的病因與機制是:頭頸骨塊外上方骨質致密,擴髓時,頭頸骨塊外上方堅硬皮質會阻擋擴髓鉆的進入,并向外側推擠擴髓鉆,導針擴髓鉆沒有磨除股骨頸外上方堅硬的皮質骨,而是更多地向外磨除大轉子側的松質骨;這樣當植入髓內釘主釘進入股骨干近段時,應該磨除但卻沒有磨除的股骨頸外上方堅硬皮質骨向外側推擠髓內釘和股骨干,同時髓內釘主釘也反向擠壓頭頸骨塊外上方堅硬皮質,導致頭頸骨塊內翻畸形。 術中可根據大轉子內移征和導針交叉征診斷楔形撐開后的內翻移位。在正位X線,正常時股骨大轉子位于股骨干外側皮質的內側線上方,如果大轉子不在股骨干外側皮質的內側上方,而是位于股骨髓腔或股骨內側皮質的上方,即為大轉子內移征(medialized greater trochanter sign)陽性;在正位X線,如果置入螺旋刀片的導針或螺旋刀片位于股骨頭的中部和股骨頸的下部,或者位于股骨頭的上部和股骨頸的中部,即為導針交叉征(cross wire sign)陽性;大轉子內移征(medialized greater trochanter sign)陽性或導針交叉征(cross wire sign)陽性表明頭頸骨塊內翻移位[2]。 術中預防楔形撐開外移內翻效應的方法有入釘點內移(骨折線內側)[3, 4],骨折過牽擴髓[5],球形頂錐(ball spike pusher)向內側推擠遠折段[1],線性復位鉗維持復位[1],點式復位鉗夾持頭頸骨折塊下部內側和股骨干或大轉子外側維持復位[4],牽拉推擠法[6],點式復位鉗夾持頭頸骨折塊上部內側和大轉子外側維持復位[2]。 目前存在的問題與解決:并發楔形撐開外移內翻效應的高危骨折類型是什么?是髓內釘主釘入點有骨折線接近骨折線的股骨轉子間骨折?是31A2.2型、31A1.2型、31A1.3型骨折? 參考文獻 [1] O'Malley MJ, Kang KK, Azer E, et al. Wedge effect following intramedullary hip screw fixation of intertrochanteric proximal femur fracture.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2015, 135(10):1343-1347. [2] Mingo-Robinet J, Gonzalez-Alonso C, Alonso Del Olmo JA. Fluoroscopic landmarks to recognize iatrogenic varus displacement (wedge effect) during cephalomedullary nailing of intertrochanteric fractures. Injury, 2021, 52 Suppl 4:S47-S53. [3] Li S, Yao XZ, Chang SM. Comments on: Does the PFNA? nail limit impaction in unstable intertrochanteric femoral fracture? A 115 case-control series, published by M. Hélin, A. Pelissier, P. Boyer, T. Delory, C. Estellat, P. Massin in Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 2015;101(1): 45-49. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016 Jun;102(4):533-4. [4] Butler BA, Selley RS, Summers HD, et al. Preventing wedge deformities when treating intertrochanteric femur fractures with intramedullary devices: a technical tip. J Orthop Trauma, 2018, 32(3):e112-e116. [5] Hak DJ, Bilat C. Avoiding varus malreduction during cephalomedullary nailing of intertrochanteric hip fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2011, 131(5):709-710. [6]Maupin JJ, Steinmetz RG, Hickerson LE. A Percutaneous Threaded Wire as a Clamp Technique for Avoiding Wedge Deformity While Nailing Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2019,33(7):e276-e279. |
|
來自: martinbigbird > 《股骨粗隆骨折》